Philippine History & Political Science - Summary
Philippine History & Political Science is a crucial subject for understanding our nation's development from pre-colonial times to the present day, alongside the fundamental principles of government and politics. This chapter examines the evolution of political systems in the Philippines, from the barangay-centered governance of our ancestors to the modern democratic republic. Understanding this subject is essential for civil service examinations as it provides the foundation for comprehending how our government operates, the historical context of our institutions, and the principles that guide our political system. This knowledge helps future public servants understand their role in continuing the democratic traditions and serving the Filipino people effectively.
Key concepts
Barangay System
Importance
Understanding the barangay system shows that Filipinos had organized political structures before colonization, debunking the myth that we had no civilization. This system's influence can still be seen in modern local governance.
The pre-Spanish form of governance where communities of about 100 families were ruled by a datu who served as chief executive, law-giver, judge, and military leader. The barangay had four social classes: maharlika (nobility), timawa (freemen), aliping namamahay (serfs), and aliping saguiguilid (slaves). This system possessed all four elements of a state: people, territory, government, and sovereignty.
Spanish Colonial Government
Importance
Spanish colonization introduced Western political concepts, Christianity, and a centralized bureaucracy that shaped Philippine institutions. Many current government structures trace their origins to this period.
A centralized system lasting nearly 400 years (1565-1898) where the Philippines was governed by the Spanish King through Mexico (1565-1821) and later directly through Spain. The Governor-General held executive, legislative, and judicial powers, assisted by provincial governors and local officials like the gobernadorcillo. The encomienda system and polo y servicios were implemented for economic control.
Revolutionary Governments
Importance
These revolutionary governments demonstrate the Filipino people's capacity for self-governance and their desire for independence. They established precedents for democratic governance and national sovereignty.
Several revolutionary governments emerged during the struggle for independence: the Katipunan (1896), Biak-na-Bato Republic (1897), Dictatorial Government (1898), Revolutionary Government (1898), and the First Philippine Republic (1899-1901). These governments attempted to establish Filipino self-rule and independence from foreign control.
American Colonial Period
Importance
American colonization introduced democratic practices, public education, and modern governmental institutions that form the foundation of our current political system.
The American period (1898-1946) introduced democratic institutions through three phases: Military Government (1898-1901), Civil Government (1901-1935), and Commonwealth Government (1935-1946). Americans established a bicameral legislature, independent judiciary, and civil service system while preparing the Philippines for independence.
Elements of the State
Importance
These elements distinguish a state from other political entities and are essential for understanding political legitimacy and governmental authority in any nation.
The four essential elements are: (1) People - the inhabitants of the state; (2) Territory - the definite portion of earth's surface including land, water, and airspace; (3) Government - the agency through which state power is exercised; and (4) Sovereignty - the supreme power to enforce laws and remain free from external control.
Forms of Government
Importance
Understanding different governmental forms helps in analyzing political systems and appreciating why certain structures work better in specific contexts.
Governments can be classified by: (1) Source of power - monarchy, aristocracy, democracy; (2) Extent of powers - unitary vs. federal; (3) Relationship between branches - parliamentary vs. presidential; (4) Legitimacy - de jure vs. de facto. The Philippines operates as a democratic, unitary, presidential republic.
Important points
- Pre-colonial Philippines had sophisticated political systems with the barangay as the basic unit
- Spanish colonization lasted 333 years and introduced centralized governance and Christianity
- The Philippine Revolution produced multiple forms of government attempting to achieve independence
- American colonization introduced democratic institutions and prepared the Philippines for self-rule
- The Japanese occupation (1942-1945) temporarily disrupted Philippine political development
- The Third Republic (1946-1972) established independent democratic governance
- Martial Law (1972-1981) concentrated power in the executive branch
- EDSA People Power Revolution (1986) restored democratic institutions
- The 1987 Constitution established the current framework of government
- Political science studies the state, government, and political behavior scientifically
Chapter objectives
- Trace the evolution of Philippine government from pre-Spanish to modern times
- Understand the different forms of government that existed in Philippine history
- Identify the key elements and functions of the state
- Distinguish between different political concepts and governmental systems
- Analyze the impact of foreign influences on Philippine political development
- Comprehend the principles of political science and their application to Philippine governance
Concept relationships
- The barangay system's participatory elements influenced later democratic developments in Philippine governance
- Spanish centralization created administrative structures that Americans later democratized
- Revolutionary governments experimented with ideas that influenced the Commonwealth Constitution
- American democratic institutions became the foundation for post-independence Philippine government
- The four elements of the state must all be present for legitimate governmental authority
- Government functions (constituent and ministrant) determine the scope of state responsibility
- Different forms of government reflect varying approaches to organizing political power
- Historical experiences shaped the Philippines' choice of democratic, unitary, presidential system
Practical applications
- Civil service examinations test knowledge of Philippine history to ensure public servants understand national development
- Understanding governmental evolution helps in analyzing current political issues and reforms
- Knowledge of state elements helps in evaluating territorial disputes and sovereignty issues
- Recognizing different governmental forms assists in comparative politics and international relations
- Historical awareness of colonization impacts helps in understanding modern political challenges
- Revolutionary government precedents inform contemporary discussions about political change
- Government function classifications help in determining appropriate state responsibilities
- Political science principles guide policy-making and administrative decisions
Diagrams
Evolution of Philippine Government
This timeline shows the major periods in Philippine political development, from pre-colonial barangay system to modern democratic governance, highlighting the evolution of political institutions over time.
Elements and Functions of the State
This mind map illustrates the comprehensive framework of the state, showing its essential elements, primary functions, and various forms of organization as studied in political science.
Philippine Revolutionary Governments Flow
This flowchart traces the progression of revolutionary governments during the Philippine struggle for independence, showing how each form evolved in response to changing circumstances.
In summary
Philippine History & Political Science reveals the continuous evolution of our nation's political institutions from the indigenous barangay system to the modern democratic republic. This journey through various forms of government - from pre-colonial datu leadership through Spanish centralization, American democratization, Japanese occupation, and post-independence challenges - demonstrates the Filipino people's resilience and adaptability. Understanding these historical developments alongside political science principles provides essential knowledge for comprehending how our current government operates and why certain institutions exist. The study of state elements, governmental functions, and various political forms offers a framework for analyzing not only Philippine governance but also comparative political systems. This foundation is crucial for civil servants who must understand both the historical context of their institutions and the theoretical principles that guide effective governance in serving the Filipino people.
Next steps
Continue studying the detailed provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, focusing on the structure of government, bill of rights, and constitutional processes. Review specific historical events and their impact on current political institutions. Practice analyzing case studies of governmental decision-making using political science principles. Examine the roles and responsibilities of different branches of government in the Philippine system. Study comparative government systems to better understand the unique features of Philippine democracy.