Philippine History & Political Science - Slides
This comprehensive chapter explores the rich history of the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the present, tracing the evolution of government systems and political structures. Students will gain a thorough understanding of how the Philippines developed from scattered barangays to a modern democratic republic, while learning fundamental concepts of political science that are essential for the Civil Service Examination.
Slides
Philippine History & Political Science Overview
Notes
Introduction slide providing comprehensive overview of the chapter content
Examples
- Barangay system under Datu leadership
- Spanish colonial administration
- American democratic principles introduction
- Post-independence republican government
This chapter covers the complete journey of Philippine political development, from the barangay system of our ancestors to the current democratic republic. Understanding this evolution is crucial for comprehending how our government operates today.
Main points
- Study of Philippine governance from pre-colonial to modern times
- Understanding political systems and their evolution
- Key concepts in political science and government theory
- Importance for Civil Service Examination preparation
Diagram
Overview of the major periods in Philippine political history and key political science concepts
Pre-Spanish Government: The Barangay System
Notes
Focus on the democratic yet monarchical nature of early Filipino governance
Examples
- Datu as chief executive, law-giver, judge, and military head
- Council of Elders providing advice and guidance
- Independent barangays governing their territories
Before Spanish colonization, the Philippines was organized into independent barangays. These small political units functioned as complete states with their own leadership, laws, and social structure.
Main points
- Barangay consisted of approximately 100 families
- Each barangay possessed four basic elements of a state
- Ruled by a Datu who served multiple roles
- Assisted by Council of Elders (Maginoos)
- Monarchical form of government
Diagram
Structure of pre-Spanish barangay government showing the Datu's multiple roles and the advisory council
Pre-Spanish Social Classes
Notes
Emphasize that this social structure was different from European feudalism
Examples
- Maharlika enjoyed privileges and land ownership
- Timawa worked as free laborers and farmers
- Aliping Namamahay had their own houses but served masters
- Aliping Saguiguilid lived in their master's house
Pre-colonial Filipino society was stratified into four distinct social classes, each with specific rights, responsibilities, and social positions within the barangay community.
Main points
- Maharlika: The nobility class
- Timawa: The freemen
- Aliping Namamahay: The serfs
- Aliping Saguiguilid: The slaves
- Social mobility existed in some cases
Diagram
Distribution of social classes in pre-Spanish barangay society
Early Filipino Laws and Legal System
Notes
Note that some historians debate the authenticity of the Kalantiaw Code
Examples
- Maragtas Code in Panay governing civil matters
- Kalantiaw Code establishing criminal penalties
- Cultural traditions serving as unwritten law
- Datu's role in dispute resolution
Pre-colonial Filipinos had sophisticated legal systems that combined formal written codes with traditional cultural practices and customs passed down through generations.
Main points
- Both written and unwritten laws existed
- Maragtas Code by Datu Sumakwel (AD 1250)
- Kalantiaw Code by Datu Kalantiaw (AD 1433)
- Unwritten laws embedded in Filipino culture
- Datu served as the ultimate judge
Diagram
Structure of early Filipino legal system showing written codes and cultural traditions
Spanish Colonial Government Structure
Notes
Emphasize the centralized nature contrasting with pre-Spanish decentralization
Examples
- Miguel Lopez de Legaspi as first Governor-General
- Consolidation of barangays into pueblos
- Provincial governors representing central authority
- Cebu (1565) and Manila (1571) as early cities
The Spanish colonial system transformed the decentralized barangay system into a unified, centralized government structure that extended Spanish authority throughout the archipelago.
Main points
- Spain ruled Philippines from 1565-1898 (333 years)
- Centralized government structure
- Governor-General as supreme authority
- Provinces headed by Gobernador
- Towns (pueblos) led by Gobernadorcillo
- Integration of barangays into larger units
Diagram
Hierarchical structure of Spanish colonial government from crown to barangay level
Revolutionary Governments (1896-1901)
Notes
Highlight the progression from secret society to formal republic
Examples
- Andres Bonifacio founding the Katipunan
- Emilio Aguinaldo's election at Tejeros Convention
- Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898
- Malolos Constitution creating the republic
The revolutionary period saw multiple attempts by Filipinos to establish independent government, culminating in the First Philippine Republic under the Malolos Constitution.
Main points
- Katipunan: Secret revolutionary society (1896)
- Biak-na-Bato Republic (Nov 1, 1897)
- Dictatorial Government (May 24, 1898)
- Revolutionary Government (June 23, 1898)
- First Philippine Republic (Jan 23, 1899)
Diagram
Timeline of revolutionary governments during the fight for independence
American Colonial Government (1898-1946)
Notes
Emphasize the gradual nature of democratization and independence preparation
Examples
- General Wesley Merritt as first military governor
- William Howard Taft as first civil governor
- Manuel L. Quezon as Commonwealth president
- Bicameral legislature establishment
American colonization introduced democratic governance principles and gradually prepared the Philippines for independence through a systematic transfer of power.
Main points
- Three phases: Military, Civil, Commonwealth
- Military Government (1898-1901)
- Civil Government (1901-1935)
- Commonwealth Government (1935-1946)
- Introduction of democratic institutions
- Gradual transfer of authority to Filipinos
Diagram
Transition through different phases of American colonial government toward independence
Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)
Notes
Distinguish between legitimate and puppet governments during occupation
Examples
- Jorge Vargas heading the Executive Commission
- Jose P. Laurel as puppet president
- Commonwealth government functioning from Washington
- Liberation and restoration in 1945
During World War II, Japan established puppet governments while the legitimate Commonwealth government operated in exile in Washington, demonstrating the complexity of wartime governance.
Main points
- Japanese Military Administration (Jan 3, 1942)
- Philippine Executive Commission (Jorge B. Vargas)
- Japanese-sponsored Republic (Oct 14, 1943)
- Jose P. Laurel as President
- Dissolved on August 17, 1945
- Commonwealth government in exile
Diagram
Sequence of events during Japanese occupation showing parallel governments
Third Philippine Republic (1946-1972)
Notes
Focus on peaceful transitions and democratic processes until Marcos era
Examples
- Roxas administration post-war reconstruction
- Magsaysay's popularity and tragic death (1957)
- Garcia's Filipino First policy
- Macapagal's socio-economic program
The Third Republic represented the Philippines' first sustained period of independent democratic governance, facing challenges of nation-building and economic development.
Main points
- Independence achieved July 4, 1946
- Manuel A. Roxas as first president
- Presidential succession: Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia, Macapagal
- Democratic institutions established
- Economic development challenges
- Political instability issues
Diagram
Presidential succession during the early years of Philippine independence
Marcos Era and Martial Law (1965-1986)
Notes
Emphasize the authoritarian nature and eventual popular resistance
Examples
- Proclamation No. 1081 declaring martial law
- Abolition of Congress and political parties
- Creation of Batasang Pambansa
- Suppression of press freedom and civil liberties
The Marcos era marked a dramatic departure from democratic governance, with martial law concentrating power in the executive and suspending constitutional rights for over a decade.
Main points
- Ferdinand Marcos elected 1965, reelected 1969
- Martial Law declared September 21, 1972
- 1973 Constitution under authoritarian rule
- Presidential Decrees replaced legislative process
- Opposition leaders imprisoned or disappeared
- Economic crises and human rights violations
Diagram
Flow of events during Marcos era showing concentration of power and eventual downfall
EDSA Revolution and Democratic Restoration
Notes
Highlight the peaceful nature and international significance of EDSA
Examples
- Massive popular protests along EDSA
- Military defection supporting the people
- Aquino's inauguration at Club Filipino
- Constitutional Commission of 1986
The EDSA Revolution demonstrated the Filipino people's commitment to democracy, leading to the restoration of democratic institutions and the current constitutional framework.
Main points
- People Power Revolution (February 22-25, 1986)
- Corazon Aquino becomes president
- Freedom Constitution promulgated
- 1987 Constitution drafted and ratified
- Restoration of democratic institutions
- Peaceful transition of power
Diagram
Sequence of events during EDSA Revolution showing people power in action
Post-EDSA Presidents and Modern Philippines
Notes
Focus on democratic continuity despite various political crises
Examples
- Ramos administration's economic liberalization
- Estrada's removal through EDSA II
- Arroyo's extended rule and scandals
- Aquino's anti-corruption campaign
- Duterte's populist approach
The post-EDSA period has seen regular democratic elections and peaceful transitions of power, though with various challenges including corruption, economic inequality, and political dynasties.
Main points
- Fidel Ramos (1992-1998): Economic growth, stability
- Joseph Estrada (1998-2001): Impeachment, EDSA II
- Gloria Arroyo (2001-2010): Long presidency, controversies
- Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016): Good governance reforms
- Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022): Populist leadership
- Continuing democratic transitions
Diagram
Type
none
Political Science: Definition and Scope
Notes
Emphasize the scientific and systematic nature of political study
Examples
- Analysis of election systems and voting behavior
- Study of constitutional principles and applications
- Examination of policy-making processes
- Research on political parties and interest groups
Political Science provides the theoretical framework for understanding how governments operate, why political systems develop as they do, and how citizens relate to their state institutions.
Main points
- Political Science: systematic study of state and government
- Scientific methodology in governmental operations
- Study of relationships between people and state
- Understanding political systems and processes
- Application of principles and ideals
- Basis for governance and public administration
Diagram
Major areas of study within Political Science discipline
The State: Concept and Elements
Notes
Emphasize that all four elements must be present for a complete state
Examples
- Philippines with 110+ million people
- Philippine archipelago as territory
- Philippine government as state instrument
- Philippine sovereignty over national affairs
The state is a fundamental political unit that must possess all four elements to be considered a complete state. Each element is necessary and interdependent with the others.
Main points
- State: community of persons in definite territory
- Four essential elements: People, Territory, Government, Sovereignty
- People: inhabitants who owe allegiance
- Territory: fixed geographical area including land, water, air
- Government: agency through which state acts
- Sovereignty: supreme power within jurisdiction
Diagram
Four essential elements of a state showing their equal importance
Origin Theories of the State
Notes
Social Contract Theory is most relevant to democratic systems like the Philippines
Examples
- Divine Right: medieval European monarchies
- Force Theory: conquest states and empires
- Paternalistic: tribal chieftain systems
- Social Contract: democratic constitutions and republics
Different theories attempt to explain how states originated, with each providing insights into the relationship between rulers and the governed, and the legitimacy of political authority.
Main points
- Divine Right Theory: state ordained by God
- Force Theory: states evolved through conquest
- Paternalistic Theory: expansion of family authority
- Social Contract Theory: voluntary agreement of people
- Each theory explains different aspects of state formation
- Rousseau's contract theory supports democratic governance
Diagram
Four major theories explaining the origin of states and their core principles
Functions of Government
Notes
Constituent functions are mandatory; ministrant functions depend on resources and policy priorities
Examples
- Constituent: police protection, court systems, national defense
- Ministrant: public schools, hospitals, parks, social welfare programs
- Philippine context: BFP, AFP, judiciary as constituent; DepEd, DOH as ministrant
Government functions are divided into those absolutely necessary for state existence (constituent) and those that enhance societal welfare (ministrant), helping prioritize resource allocation.
Main points
- Two main categories: Constituent and Ministrant
- Constituent: essential, compulsory functions
- Ministrant: optional, advancement functions
- Constituent includes order, justice, defense, legal relations
- Ministrant includes education, health, public works, social services
- Balance between essential and developmental functions
Diagram
Classification of government functions into constituent and ministrant categories
Forms of Government Classification
Notes
Understanding these classifications helps analyze any political system's characteristics
Examples
- Monarchy: United Kingdom, Thailand
- Federal: United States, Germany
- Parliamentary: Canada, India
- Presidential: Philippines, United States
Governments can be classified using various criteria, helping us understand different political systems and their characteristics. The Philippines combines several forms in its current system.
Main points
- By number of rulers: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy
- By power distribution: Unitary vs Federal
- By executive-legislative relationship: Parliamentary vs Presidential
- By legitimacy: De Jure vs De Facto
- Each form has advantages and disadvantages
- Philippines uses democratic, unitary, presidential, de jure system
Diagram
Classification of government forms using different criteria
State vs Nation vs Government
Notes
This distinction is fundamental to understanding political science and constitutional law
Examples
- Filipino nation exists across different countries
- Philippine state includes various ethnic groups
- Government changes every election; state continues
- Kurdish nation exists across multiple states
These three concepts are often confused but have distinct meanings. Understanding their differences is crucial for political analysis and constitutional law.
Main points
- State: political concept with four elements
- Nation: ethnic concept bound by culture
- Government: instrument/agent of the state
- State is permanent; government is temporary
- Nation may exist without independent state
- One state may contain multiple nations
Diagram
Distinction between state, nation, and government concepts
In summary
Philippine history demonstrates the evolution from decentralized barangay governance to centralized Spanish colonialism, American democratic introduction, and finally to independent republican government. This historical progression shows how political systems adapt to changing circumstances while political science provides the theoretical framework for understanding these transformations. Key takeaways include: the importance of the four elements of state, the distinction between constituent and ministrant government functions, various forms of government classification, and the differences between state, nation, and government. Understanding these concepts is essential for Civil Service Examination success and effective public service in the Philippine context.