Philippine History & Political Science - Revision Notes
This comprehensive review covers the evolution of Philippine government from pre-Spanish times to the present, along with fundamental political science concepts. Understanding these historical periods and political principles is essential for CSE examinations, as questions frequently test knowledge of government structures, historical events, constitutional developments, and political theory.
Pre-Spanish Government (Before 1565)
Exam tips
- Remember the four elements of state present in barangays: people, territory, government, sovereignty
- Memorize the two written legal codes: Maragtas (1250) and Kalantiaw (1433)
- Focus on the dual nature of laws: both written (by datu) and unwritten (cultural)
Key points
- Barangay system: Basic political unit consisting of 100+ families
- Datu leadership: Chief executive, law-giver, judge, and military head combined
- Council of Elders (Maginoos): Advisory body to the datu
- Four social classes: Maharlika (nobility), Timawa (freemen), Aliping namamahay (serfs), Aliping saguiguilid (slaves)
- Written laws: Maragtas Code (1250 AD) by Datu Sumakwel, Kalantiaw Code (1433 AD) by Datu Kalantiaw
- Monarchical government structure at barangay level
Definitions
Barangay
Pre-Spanish political unit consisting of villages with approximately 100 families, possessing all four elements of a state
Importance
Foundation of Philippine local government; demonstrates early Filipino political organization
Datu
Hereditary ruler of a barangay who exercised executive, legislative, judicial, and military powers
Importance
Shows early concentration of power and monarchical tendencies in Philippine governance
Maginoos
Council of Elders that served as advisers to the datu in pre-Spanish barangays
Importance
Early form of consultative governance and checks on datu power
Common mistakes
- Confusing the four social classes or their hierarchy
- Mixing up the dates and authors of written codes
- Assuming all laws were unwritten in pre-Spanish times
Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)
Exam tips
- Remember the transition: Mexico rule (1565-1821) → Direct Spanish rule (1821-1898)
- Know the administrative hierarchy: Governor-General → Gobernador (province) → Gobernadorcillo (town)
- Cebu first city (1565), Manila second (1571) - follow Legaspi's path
Key points
- Spanish title based on Magellan's discovery (1521) and Legaspi's conquest (1565)
- Governed through Mexico (1565-1821), then directly by Spain (1821-1898)
- Centralized government structure: Governor-General at top
- Administrative divisions: Barangays → Pueblos → Provinces
- First Spanish Governor-General: Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
- Last Spanish Governor-General: Gen. Diego delos Rios
- Judicial system: Royal Audiencia (1583), Courts of First Instance, Justice of Peace Courts
- First cities: Cebu (1565), Manila (1571)
Definitions
Governor-General
Supreme Spanish colonial administrator in the Philippines with executive, legislative, and judicial powers
Importance
Centralized Spanish colonial authority and represented the Spanish Crown
Royal Audiencia
Spanish colonial court established in 1583 with appellate jurisdiction over criminal cases
Importance
Introduced formal Spanish legal system and judicial hierarchy
Gobernadorcillo
Local Filipino leader of a pueblo (town) during Spanish period, popularly called Capitan
Importance
Bridge between Spanish colonial administration and Filipino communities
Common mistakes
- Confusing the periods of governance through Mexico vs. direct Spanish rule
- Mixing up first and last Spanish governors-general
- Forgetting the chronological order of city establishments
Revolutionary Governments (1896-1901)
Exam tips
- Follow the chronological progression: Katipunan → Biak-na-Bato → Dictatorial → Revolutionary → Republic
- Remember key dates: Aug 26, 1896 (Revolution start), June 12, 1898 (Independence), Jan 23, 1899 (First Republic)
- Associate achievements: Dictatorial (Independence), Revolutionary (preparation), Republic (Malolos Constitution)
Key points
- Katipunan (1896): Secret society led by Andres Bonifacio with Supreme Council structure
- Biak-na-Bato Republic (Nov 1897): Established by Aguinaldo, ended with Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Dec 1897)
- Dictatorial Government (May 24, 1898): Proclaimed Philippine Independence June 12, 1898
- Revolutionary Government (June 23, 1898): Transition government preparing for republic
- First Philippine Republic (Jan 23, 1899): Based on Malolos Constitution, ended March 23, 1901
- Aguinaldo as first President after Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1897)
Definitions
Katipunan
Secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio that initiated the Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896
Importance
First organized Filipino resistance movement against Spanish colonial rule
Tejeros Convention
Revolutionary assembly on March 22, 1897 that elected Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the revolutionary government
Importance
Marked the transition of revolutionary leadership from Bonifacio to Aguinaldo
Malolos Constitution
Constitution framed by Filipino representatives in Malolos, Bulacan in 1898 that established the First Philippine Republic
Importance
First Filipino-made constitution demonstrating capacity for self-governance
Common mistakes
- Confusing the sequence and dates of different revolutionary governments
- Mixing up the purposes of each government form
- Forgetting the specific achievements of each period
American Colonial Period (1898-1946)
Exam tips
- Remember the three phases: Military (war powers) → Civil (civilian rule) → Commonwealth (self-government)
- Know key laws: Jones Law (1916) created legislature, Tydings-McDuffie (1934) created Commonwealth
- First Commonwealth President: Manuel Quezon, VP: Sergio Osmena
Key points
- Three government phases: Military (1898-1901), Civil (1901-1935), Commonwealth (1935-1946)
- Military governors: Wesley Meritt, Elwell Otis, Arthur McArthur
- First Civil Governor: William Howard Taft (1901-1903)
- Jones Law (1916): Created Philippine Legislature (bicameral)
- Commonwealth established under Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934)
- First Commonwealth election: September 12, 1935
- Quezon-Osmena victory, inaugurated November 15, 1935
- WWII interruption: Government in exile (1942-1945)
Definitions
Philippine Commission
Law-making body during American civil government (1901-1916) that served as upper house with Philippine Assembly as lower house
Importance
Introduced bicameral legislature and Filipino participation in governance
Jones Law
1916 American law that created the Philippine Legislature and increased Filipino participation in government
Importance
Significant step toward Filipino autonomy and self-governance
Tydings-McDuffie Law
1934 American law that provided for Philippine Commonwealth as transition to independence
Importance
Set the legal framework for Philippine independence after 10-year transition period
Common mistakes
- Confusing the three American government phases and their characteristics
- Mixing up American governors and their sequence
- Forgetting the specific laws that changed government structure
Japanese Occupation and Post-War Period (1942-1986)
Exam tips
- Japanese period: Military Admin → Executive Commission → Japanese-sponsored Republic
- Presidential sequence after independence: Roxas-Quirino-Magsaysay-Garcia-Macapagal-Marcos
- EDSA Revolution dates: February 22-25, 1986 (People Power)
Key points
- Japanese Military Administration (Jan 3, 1942): Ended US sovereignty
- Philippine Executive Commission: Jorge Vargas as chairman with executive/legislative powers
- Japanese-sponsored Republic (Oct 14, 1943): Jose P. Laurel as President
- Third Philippine Republic (July 4, 1946): Manuel Roxas as first President
- Presidential succession: Roxas → Quirino → Magsaysay → Garcia → Macapagal → Marcos
- Marcos Era (1965-1986): Martial Law (1972-1981), authoritarian rule
- EDSA People Power Revolution (Feb 22-25, 1986): Marcos downfall
Definitions
Third Philippine Republic
Independent Philippine government established July 4, 1946 after American colonial period
Importance
Marked true Philippine independence and sovereignty
Martial Law
Military rule declared by Marcos through Proclamation 1081, suspending civil rights and democratic institutions
Importance
Longest period of authoritarian rule in Philippine history
EDSA People Power Revolution
Peaceful revolution from February 22-25, 1986 that ousted Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy
Importance
Demonstrated Filipino capacity for peaceful democratic change
Common mistakes
- Confusing Japanese-sponsored government with legitimate Philippine government
- Mixing up Third Republic presidents and their terms
- Forgetting the specific dates of Martial Law period
Post-EDSA Governments (1986-Present)
Exam tips
- Post-EDSA sequence: Aquino-Ramos-Estrada-Arroyo-Aquino III-Duterte
- Two EDSA revolutions: 1986 (vs Marcos), 2001 (vs Estrada)
- Know each president's key legacy or major issue
Key points
- Corazon Aquino (1986-1992): Freedom Constitution, 1987 Constitution ratification
- Fidel Ramos (1992-1998): National reconciliation, economic stabilization
- Joseph Estrada (1998-2001): Impeachment, EDSA 2 revolution
- Gloria Arroyo (2001-2010): Various scandals, survived impeachment attempts
- Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016): Good governance, anti-corruption
- Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022): Drug war, authoritarianism concerns
- First automated elections (2010): PCOS machines
Definitions
Freedom Constitution
Provisional charter issued by Corazon Aquino on March 25, 1986 to govern during transition period
Importance
Legal basis for post-EDSA government and transition to new constitution
EDSA 2
Second EDSA revolution in January 2001 that resulted in Joseph Estrada's removal from presidency
Importance
Demonstrated continued Filipino commitment to constitutional governance
PCOS Machines
Precinct Count Optical Scan machines first used in 2010 elections for automated vote counting
Importance
Modernized Philippine elections and reduced fraud potential
Common mistakes
- Confusing EDSA 1 (1986) with EDSA 2 (2001) events and outcomes
- Mixing up post-EDSA presidents and their key achievements/issues
- Forgetting the significance of election automation
Political Science Fundamentals
Exam tips
- Remember four state elements: People-Territory-Government-Sovereignty
- State (political/permanent) vs Government (agent/changeable) vs Nation (ethnic/cultural)
- Constituent functions are compulsory, ministrant functions are optional
Key points
- Political Science: Systematic study of state and government
- Four elements of state: People, Territory, Government, Sovereignty
- Philippine territory includes archipelago, territorial sea, airspace, and submarine areas
- Origin theories: Divine Right, Necessity/Force, Paternalistic, Social Contract
- State vs Nation: Political vs ethnic concept; state vs government: permanent vs changeable
- Government functions: Constituent (compulsory) and Ministrant (optional)
Definitions
State
Community of persons permanently occupying definite territory, independent of external control, with organized government commanding habitual obedience
Importance
Fundamental political unit; understanding state elements essential for governance concepts
Sovereignty
Supreme power of state to enforce its will within jurisdiction and freedom from foreign control
Importance
Distinguishes independent states from dependent territories
Social Contract Theory
Theory that states evolved from voluntary agreement among people to form society and government for common good
Importance
Justifies democratic governance and right to revolution against tyranny
Common mistakes
- Confusing state elements or omitting one of the four
- Mixing up state vs nation vs government distinctions
- Forgetting the difference between constituent and ministrant functions
Forms of Government
Exam tips
- Learn classification criteria: number of rulers, power distribution, executive-legislative relations
- Philippines has: Republican (many rule), Unitary (centralized), Presidential (independent executive)
- De Jure = legal/constitutional; De Facto = actual but not necessarily legal
Key points
- By number of rulers: Monarchy (one), Aristocracy (few), Democracy (many)
- Monarchy types: Absolute (divine right) vs Limited (constitutional)
- Democracy types: Direct/Pure vs Indirect/Representative
- By power distribution: Unitary (centralized) vs Federal (divided)
- By executive-legislative relation: Parliamentary vs Presidential
- By legal basis: De Jure (constitutional) vs De Facto (revolutionary)
Definitions
Republic
Form of government where supreme power resides in people and their elected representatives, with elected head of state
Importance
Philippine government form; distinguishes from monarchy
Parliamentary System
Government where executive (cabinet) is responsible to legislature and can be removed by vote of no confidence
Importance
Alternative to presidential system; understanding helps compare government forms
Federal Government
System where power is divided between national government and constituent units, each supreme in own sphere
Importance
Contrasts with unitary system; relevant to Philippine federalism debates
Common mistakes
- Confusing classification criteria (mixing different classification systems)
- Assuming democracy always means direct participation
- Mixing up parliamentary vs presidential system characteristics
Connections
- Pre-Spanish barangay system influenced modern Philippine local government structure
- Spanish centralized administration contrasted with American federal influence on Philippine governance
- Revolutionary governments demonstrated Filipino capacity for self-governance before independence
- American colonial institutions (civil service, judiciary) shaped modern Philippine government
- EDSA revolutions showed peaceful transition possibilities in democratic systems
- Understanding government forms helps analyze Philippine political development and reform proposals
- Historical knowledge of different periods informs contemporary political science analysis
- State elements and functions theory applies to understanding Philippine sovereignty issues
Quick review questions
What are the four elements that made pre-Spanish barangays qualify as states?
Answer
People, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty
Each barangay had inhabitants (people), defined area (territory), datu leadership (government), and independence from external control (sovereignty), making them complete political units.
Who was the first Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines and what was his significance?
Answer
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi; he conquered the Philippines and established Spanish colonial rule
Legaspi's conquest in 1565 consummated Spanish claims based on Magellan's earlier discovery, establishing nearly 400 years of Spanish rule.
What were the five different revolutionary governments established during the fight for independence?
Answer
Katipunan, Biak-na-Bato Republic, Dictatorial Government, Revolutionary Government, and First Philippine Republic
These represent the evolution of Filipino revolutionary organization from secret society to formal republic with constitution.
What distinguished the three phases of American colonial government in the Philippines?
Answer
Military (war powers), Civil (civilian administration), Commonwealth (self-government preparation)
Each phase represented increasing Filipino participation and preparation for eventual independence.
What are the constituent functions of government and why are they compulsory?
Answer
Order maintenance, legal relations, property rights, contracts, crime definition, justice administration, citizenship duties, and foreign relations - they constitute the bond of society
These functions are essential for any organized society to exist and function, making them non-optional government responsibilities.
Diagrams
Philippine History & Political Science Overview
Comprehensive overview of all major topics covered in Philippine History and Political Science, showing the relationships between different historical periods and political concepts.
Timeline of Philippine Government Evolution
Chronological timeline showing the major periods of Philippine government development from pre-colonial times to the present, highlighting key transitions and characteristics of each era.
Elements of the State Framework
Flowchart illustrating the four essential elements that constitute a state and how they apply to the Philippines, showing the interconnected nature of these elements in forming a complete political entity.
Evolution of Revolutionary Governments Process
Step-by-step process showing how revolutionary governments evolved from the Katipunan through various forms to the First Philippine Republic, including key dates and transitions between different government structures.
Exam strategy
Focus on chronological sequence of governments, key dates, and major figures. Memorize the four state elements and government classification systems. Practice connecting historical periods to political science concepts. Understand cause-and-effect relationships between events (e.g., Spanish centralization → American democracy → Philippine republicanism). Pay special attention to constitutional developments and government structure changes. Review the characteristics that distinguish each historical period and government form.