Communicable Disease Control & Immunization - Concept Map
Community Health Nursing: Communicable Disease Control & Prevention
Related concepts
Levels of Prevention
Sub concepts
- Primary Prevention: Health education, immunization, sanitation, safe water, nutrition, vector control
- Secondary Prevention: Case-finding, screening, contact tracing, early diagnosis and treatment
- Tertiary Prevention: Management of complications, disability limitation, rehabilitation
Relationship to central
Framework for disease control strategy
Immunity & Immunization
Sub concepts
- Active Immunity: Natural (disease), Artificial (vaccines/toxoids)
- Passive Immunity: Natural (maternal antibodies), Artificial (immunoglobulins/antisera)
- Herd Immunity: Population-level protection when high proportion is immune
- Vaccine Types: Live attenuated, inactivated, toxoids, recombinant
Relationship to central
Core mechanism of primary prevention
Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
Sub concepts
- Launch: 1976 by DOH
- Legal Basis: PD 996 (compulsory), RA 10152 (2011 Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act)
- Target Diseases: TB, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, measles (expanded to include Hep B, Hib, PCV)
- Routine Infant Schedule: BCG (birth), Hep B (birth), Pentavalent/OPV/PCV (6-10-14 weeks), IPV (14 weeks & 9 months), Measles (9 months), MMR (12 months)
- Immunization Coverage Milestones: FIC (Fully Immunized Child), CIC (Completely Immunized Child), CPAB (Child Protected at Birth)
Relationship to central
Flagship DOH immunization program
Vaccine Administration & Cold Chain
Sub concepts
- Routes: Intradermal (BCG-0.05mL), Intramuscular (DPT, Hep B, PCV, IPV-0.5mL), Subcutaneous (Measles/MMR), Oral (OPV 2-3 drops)
- Cold Chain Storage: Health center/RHU (+2°C to +8°C), Regional/provincial freezer (−15°C to −25°C)
- Heat-Sensitive Vaccines: OPV (most sensitive), Measles, BCG
- Freeze-Sensitive Vaccines: DPT, Hep B, Td, Pentavalent (shake test detects freezing)
- Stock Management: FEFO (First Expiry First Out), VVM (Vaccine Vial Monitor), proper documentation
Relationship to central
Technical implementation of immunization
Notifiable Diseases & Surveillance
Sub concepts
- Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR)
- Immediately Notifiable (24 hours): Acute flaccid paralysis, measles, neonatal tetanus, cholera, meningococcal disease, rabies
- Weekly Notifiable: Dengue, typhoid, TB
- Nurse Role: Prompt reporting, investigation initiation, outbreak response
Relationship to central
Secondary prevention through early detection
National TB Control Program (NTP) & DOTS
Sub concepts
- DOTS Strategy: 5 elements (political commitment, case detection, standardized treatment with DOT, drug supply, recording/reporting)
- Diagnosis: GeneXpert-Xpert MTB/RIF (primary), Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM) for follow-up
- Anti-TB Drugs (1st-line): H (isoniazid), R (rifampicin), Z (pyrazinamide), E (ethambutol), S (streptomycin)
- Treatment Regimens: Category I (new TB-2HRZE/4HR), Category II (previously treated-longer regimen), MDR-TB (PMDT)
- Nursing Responsibilities: DOT observation, treatment partner identification, adherence education, contact tracing, side effect monitoring, cough etiquette teaching
Relationship to central
Major communicable disease control program
Dengue Control
Sub concepts
- Vector: Aedes aegypti (day-biting mosquito), breeds in clean stagnant water
- Disease Characteristics: 4 serotypes (DENV 1-4), secondary dengue infection can be severe
- DOH 4-S Strategy: Search and destroy breeding sites, Self-protection measures, Seek early consultation, Support fogging in hotspots
- Nursing Role: Community education, warning sign recognition, early care promotion, hydration management
Relationship to central
Endemic disease control in Philippines
Other Endemic Diseases
Sub concepts
- Malaria: Anopheles mosquito (night-biter), treated bed nets, endemic provinces
- Schistosomiasis: Schistosoma japonicum, Oncomelania snail, endemic in Visayas & Mindanao
- Filariasis, Leprosy (Hansen's disease), Rabies: Dedicated DOH elimination programs
Relationship to central
Context-specific communicable disease control
Community Health Nursing Practice Standards
Sub concepts
- RA 9173 (Philippine Nursing Act): Licensure and professional scope
- NCM Levels: I-IV competencies in community health nursing
- Nursing Process Application: Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation in disease control
- NANDA Nursing Diagnoses: Health-seeking behaviors, risk for infection, knowledge deficit, non-compliance
Relationship to central
Professional framework for implementation
Concept connections
- Levels of PreventionExpanded Program on ImmunizationImmunization is the classic example of primary prevention-specific protection
- Immunity ConceptsExpanded Program on ImmunizationUnderstanding active immunity mechanisms is essential for understanding how vaccines work
- Expanded Program on ImmunizationVaccine Administration & Cold ChainEPI schedules must be implemented with proper vaccine handling and cold chain maintenance
- Vaccine Administration & Cold ChainExpanded Program on ImmunizationCold chain failures directly compromise EPI vaccine potency and program effectiveness
- Notifiable Diseases & SurveillanceLevels of PreventionDisease surveillance enables secondary prevention through early detection and outbreak response
- National TB Control Program (NTP) & DOTSSecondary PreventionDOTS represents secondary prevention through case detection and early treatment
- National TB Control Program (NTP) & DOTSNotifiable Diseases & SurveillanceTB is a weekly notifiable disease requiring PIDSR reporting and epidemiological follow-up
- Dengue ControlLevels of PreventionDengue control integrates all three levels: primary (vector control), secondary (early care), tertiary (complication management)
- Dengue ControlNotifiable Diseases & SurveillanceDengue is a weekly notifiable disease critical for outbreak surveillance in the Philippines
- Vaccine Administration & Cold ChainCommunity Health Nursing Practice StandardsProper vaccine administration and cold chain management are NCM Level II-III competencies
- National TB Control Program (NTP) & DOTSCommunity Health Nursing Practice StandardsDOTS observation is a core NCM Level II community health nursing responsibility
- Dengue ControlCommunity Health Nursing Practice StandardsCommunity-based dengue prevention aligns with NCM Level I-II community health nursing roles
- Expanded Program on ImmunizationCommunity Health Nursing Practice StandardsEPI immunization delivery and advocacy are core NCM Level I competencies in community health nursing
- Other Endemic DiseasesLevels of PreventionEndemic diseases like malaria and schistosomiasis require application of all three prevention levels
- Other Endemic DiseasesCommunity Health Nursing Practice StandardsControl programs for endemic diseases are context-specific implementations of community health nursing
- Herd ImmunityExpanded Program on ImmunizationHigh EPI coverage targets achieve herd immunity to break disease transmission chains
- Tetanus ProtectionLevels of PreventionMaternal tetanus immunization (Td) prevents neonatal tetanus—classic primary prevention targeting vulnerable population
- Treatment AdherenceNational TB Control Program (NTP) & DOTSPoor adherence leads to drug resistance and treatment failure; DOT enforces adherence
- Case DetectionSecondary PreventionEarly case detection through quality-assured diagnostics enables prompt treatment initiation
- Vector ControlDengue ControlVector control (search and destroy) is the foundation of dengue prevention in endemic areas
Diagrams
Communicable Disease Control & Immunization - Full Concept Hierarchy
Comprehensive mind map showing the hierarchical structure of communicable disease control and immunization concepts, demonstrating how immunization serves as primary prevention within the broader framework of disease control, incorporating EPI requirements, cold chain management, major disease control programs (TB, dengue), and nursing practice standards aligned with RA 9173 and NCM competencies.
EPI Immunization Schedule: Birth to 12 Months
Step-by-step flowchart of the DOH routine infant immunization schedule from birth through 12 months, showing vaccine names, doses, routes, timing intervals, and immunization coverage milestones (FIC and CIC) critical for NLE examination.
DOTS Strategy: TB Case Detection to Treatment Completion
Comprehensive flowchart of the DOTS strategy for TB control, from case detection using GeneXpert-Xpert MTB/RIF through treatment phases with directly observed therapy (DOT), monitoring, and outcome assessment, emphasizing the nursing role in DOT observation and adherence support.
Cold Chain Management: Vaccine Storage & Handling
Detailed flowchart of cold chain management protocols from vaccine receipt through storage, temperature monitoring, VVM status assessment, and stock rotation (FEFO), emphasizing critical points where heat or freeze damage can compromise vaccine potency and reduce immunization effectiveness.
Nursing Assessment & Intervention: Vaccine Contraindications & Safety
Clinical decision tree for nurses assessing vaccine safety and contraindications before administration, incorporating assessment of fever status, history of adverse reactions, immunocompromise status, and recent immune modulating treatments—critical for safe immunization practice and reducing missed opportunities.
Dengue Prevention & Control: 4-S Strategy Implementation
Implementation flowchart of the DOH 4-S Strategy for dengue prevention and control, demonstrating how nurses coordinate community-based search and destroy activities, promote self-protection measures, educate on early symptom recognition, and support vector control during outbreaks in the Philippine endemic context.
EPI Target Diseases Coverage Distribution
Pie chart showing the distribution of EPI vaccine targets by disease category, illustrating that the program balances prevention of bacterial infections (TB, pertussis, Hib, pneumococcal), viral diseases (polio, measles, hepatitis B), and tetanus protection across all age groups—helping visualize the comprehensive scope of the EPI.
Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) Status & Interpretation
State diagram showing the Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) status progression from safe to expired state, with corresponding interpretation, actions, and implications for vaccine usability—essential for cold chain management and preventing administration of heat-damaged vaccines.