Midwife Licensure Exam Leadership & Management in Primary Care — Leadership Styles & Management TheoriesConcept Map

Concept

Leadership

Sub Concepts

• Personal influence and interpersonal relationships
• Vision and inspiration
• Doing the right things (direction, change, people)
• Formal or informal authority

Relationship To Central

Core function of nursing practice; process of influencing people to work willingly toward group goals

Concept

Management

Sub Concepts

• Formal, delegated authority
• Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling
• Systems, order, and efficiency
• Doing things right (implementation, control, results)

Relationship To Central

Formal organizational function; coordinating and integrating resources to accomplish goals

Concept

Leadership Theories

Sub Concepts

• Great Man/Trait Theory (leaders are born)
• Behavioral Theory (leaders can be taught)
• Situational/Contingency Theory (no single best style)
• Transformational Leadership (inspires shared vision)
• Transactional Leadership (exchange of expectations)
• Servant Leadership (serves the team)

Relationship To Central

Frameworks explaining why leaders are effective; guides for understanding leadership behavior

Concept

Leadership Styles

Sub Concepts

• Autocratic: Centralized decision-making, downward communication
• Democratic: Participative, shared responsibility, bidirectional communication
• Laissez-faire: Hands-off, minimal direction, team autonomy
• Bureaucratic: Rule-based, standardized procedures

Relationship To Central

Specific ways leaders behave; determines effectiveness in different situations per Lewin's model

Concept

Motivation Theories

Sub Concepts

• Content Theories: What motivates (Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor, McClelland)
• Process Theories: How motivation works (Vroom, Adams, Skinner)
• Application to staff retention and engagement

Relationship To Central

Explain what drives staff performance; essential for directing and retaining workforce

Concept

Management Theories

Sub Concepts

• Scientific Management (Taylor): Analyze and standardize work
• Administrative/Classical Management (Fayol): Universal functions
• Bureaucratic Management (Weber): Hierarchy and rules
• Human Relations (Mayo): Worker satisfaction and attention
• Systems Theory: Organizational interconnectedness
• Total Quality Management (Deming): Continuous improvement via PDSA

Relationship To Central

Foundational frameworks for organizing, managing resources, and improving quality

Concept

Five Functions of Management

Sub Concepts

• Planning: Deciding what, how, when, by whom (strategic and operational)
• Organizing: Formal structure, authority, care delivery models
• Staffing: Recruitment, selection, scheduling, development
• Directing: Guiding, motivating, delegation, supervision
• Controlling: Monitoring standards, measuring performance, corrective action

Relationship To Central

Core operational processes in nursing management; applied daily in practice

Concept

Situational Leadership

Sub Concepts

• Hersey-Blanchard Model: Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating
• Follower maturity/readiness assessment
• Flexibility and adaptability
• Crisis vs. routine decision-making

Relationship To Central

Adaptive approach matching leadership style to follower readiness and situation demands

Concept

Transformational Leadership in Nursing

Sub Concepts

• Idealized influence (role modeling)
• Inspirational motivation (shared vision)
• Intellectual stimulation (growth, innovation)
• Individualized consideration (personal development)

Relationship To Central

Evidence-based style linked to better engagement, retention, and patient outcomes; Magnet model foundation

Concept

Quality Improvement and TQM

Sub Concepts

• PDSA/PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Study/Check-Act)
• Quality audits and performance monitoring
• Process standardization
• Employee and patient outcome metrics

Relationship To Central

Data-driven management function ensuring continuous enhancement of care and processes

To

Management

From

Leadership

Strength

strong

Relationship

Complementary but distinct; best nurse-managers combine leadership influence with management authority

To

Situational Leadership

From

Leadership Styles

Strength

strong

Relationship

Situational leadership theory guides which style to use based on context and follower readiness

To

Transformational Leadership

From

Leadership Theories

Strength

strong

Relationship

Transformational is a specific theory that emphasizes inspiration, vision, and individual consideration

To

Nursing Outcomes

From

Transformational Leadership

Strength

strong

Relationship

Evidence-based connection to improved nurse retention, engagement, and patient outcomes; foundation of Magnet model

To

Planning

From

Five Functions of Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

Planning is the first and foundational function; all others depend on it

To

Controlling

From

Five Functions of Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

Controlling completes the cycle by monitoring against standards set in planning

To

Motivation Theories

From

Directing

Strength

strong

Relationship

Directing function applies motivation theories to guide and energize staff

To

Maslow's Hierarchy

From

Motivation Theories

Strength

strong

Relationship

Maslow provides content-based understanding of what needs drive motivation at different levels

To

Herzberg Two-Factor

From

Motivation Theories

Strength

strong

Relationship

Herzberg distinguishes hygiene factors from true motivators; both needed for retention

To

Leadership Styles

From

McGregor's Theory X and Y

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Theory X assumptions lead to autocratic style; Theory Y assumptions lead to participative/democratic style

To

Scientific Management

From

Management Theories

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Taylor's scientific management pioneered work standardization and efficiency analysis

To

Total Quality Management

From

Management Theories

Strength

strong

Relationship

Deming's TQM framework operationalizes continuous improvement through PDSA cycle

To

Five Functions of Management

From

Fayol's Administrative Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

Fayol's framework directly defined and systematized the five management functions

To

Motivation Theories

From

Human Relations Movement

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Hawthorne studies provided early evidence that worker satisfaction and attention affect productivity

To

Motivation Theories

From

Staffing Function

Strength

strong

Relationship

Staffing requires understanding motivation to recruit, retain, and develop effective team members

To

Emergency Situations

From

Autocratic Leadership

Strength

strong

Relationship

Autocratic style is most appropriate during crises requiring fast, centralized decisions

To

Team Engagement

From

Democratic Leadership

Strength

strong

Relationship

Democratic style improves morale, buy-in, and teamwork when time and competent staff allow

To

Expert Professionals

From

Laissez-faire Leadership

Strength

strong

Relationship

Laissez-faire works best with highly skilled, self-directed, motivated professionals

To

Quality Improvement

From

Controlling Function

Strength

strong

Relationship

Controlling includes quality audits, performance monitoring, and incident review for continuous improvement

To

Process Theories

From

Vroom's Expectancy Theory

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Expectancy theory explains how motivation depends on belief that effort leads to valued rewards

To

Nursing Values

From

Servant Leadership

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Aligns with nursing's caring values; leader serves team's growth and well-being

To

Organizational Impact

From

Systems Theory

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Systems theory recognizes that change in staffing affects quality, morale, and all other functions

To

Patient Care Prioritization

From

Maslow's Hierarchy

Strength

strong

Relationship

Maslow hierarchy underlies prioritization of physiologic and safety needs in patient care

To

Management Functions

From

RA 9173

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Philippine nursing practice law defines scope of nursing management and professional responsibilities