LET Secondary Social Sciences — Information TechnologyCheat Sheet
A printable cheat sheet for Information Technology, built for LET Secondary reviewers who want one go-to reference in the final stretch. Covers formulas, key definitions, common question types, and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)-specific twists you will see on LET Secondary day.
Exam context
For the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers — Secondary, Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) tests Social Sciences under a "Core" label, with Information Technology in the 6th slot across 8 chapters. LET Secondary candidates must clear the Weighted average of 75% with no grade below 50% cut on the 2026 paper, which draws about a meaningful share of Social Sciences questions. Date to watch: Bi-annual.
Information Technology - Cheat Sheet
Your last-minute revision companion for Information Technology concepts in the LET Elementary exam
Sections
Common Values
Value
8 bits
Symbol
B
Quantity
Byte
Value
1,024 bytes
Symbol
KB
Quantity
Kilobyte
Section Title
Computer Basics & Hardware
Important Facts
- Input devices: keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, camera, touchscreen
- Output devices: monitor, printer, speaker
- 1 byte = 8 bits
- 1 KB = 1,024 bytes
- 1 MB = ~1 million bytes
- 1 GB = ~1 billion bytes
- 1 TB = ~1 trillion bytes
Key Definitions
Term
CPU
Example
Intel Core i5 processor
Definition
Central Processing Unit - the brain of the computer that executes instructions
Term
RAM
Example
8GB DDR4 RAM
Definition
Random Access Memory - temporary, volatile storage for active programs
Term
Storage
Example
500GB HDD, 256GB SSD
Definition
Permanent data storage devices like hard drives and SSDs
Diagrams To Know
- Basic computer system diagram showing CPU, RAM, storage, input/output devices
- Data units hierarchy (bit → byte → KB → MB → GB → TB)
Section Title
Software & Applications
Important Facts
- Common file extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pdf (documents), .jpg (images), .mp3 (audio), .mp4 (video)
- Word processors: Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Pages
- Spreadsheets: Excel, Google Sheets
- Presentations: PowerPoint, Google Slides, Keynote
- Web browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
Key Definitions
Term
System Software
Example
Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS
Definition
Operating system that manages computer hardware and software resources
Term
Application Software
Example
Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, Photoshop
Definition
Programs designed for end-users to accomplish specific tasks
Term
File Extension
Example
.docx for Word documents
Definition
Suffix indicating file type and associated program
Diagrams To Know
- Software classification diagram (System vs Application software)
- File and folder hierarchy structure
Section Title
Internet & Web Technology
Important Facts
- Domain extensions: .com (commercial), .org (organization), .edu (education), .gov (government), .ph (Philippines)
- Search engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo
- Cloud computing: storing and accessing data over the internet
- Wi-Fi: wireless local area network technology
- ISP: Internet Service Provider
Key Definitions
Term
Internet
Example
Worldwide connectivity system
Definition
Global network of interconnected computer networks
Term
World Wide Web (WWW)
Example
Web pages connected by hyperlinks
Definition
System of linked documents accessible via the Internet
Term
URL
Example
https://www.deped.gov.ph
Definition
Uniform Resource Locator - web address identifying a resource
Term
HTTP/HTTPS
Example
HTTPS ensures encrypted data transmission
Definition
HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure) for web communication
Diagrams To Know
- Internet network structure diagram
- Web page components (URL, domain, path)
- Email communication flow
Section Title
Digital Citizenship & Safety
Important Facts
- Nine elements of digital citizenship: access, commerce, communication, literacy, etiquette, law, rights & responsibilities, health, security
- Online safety rules: don't share personal information, use strong passwords, report inappropriate behavior
- Netiquette: respectful online communication standards
- Screen time management important for physical and mental health
Key Definitions
Term
Digital Citizenship
Example
Respecting copyright, protecting privacy online
Definition
Responsible and ethical use of technology and digital resources
Term
Cyberbullying
Example
Sending mean messages on social media
Definition
Using digital technology to harass, threaten, or intimidate others
Term
Digital Footprint
Example
Social media posts, browsing history, online purchases
Definition
Trail of data created by online activities
Diagrams To Know
- Digital citizenship elements diagram
- Online safety guidelines flowchart
Section Title
Cybersecurity & Threats
Important Facts
- Common threats: malware, phishing, identity theft, hacking
- Protection measures: antivirus software, firewall, regular updates, strong passwords
- Password best practices: long, unique, mix of characters, not shared
- Regular backups prevent data loss
- Be skeptical of unknown links and attachments
Key Definitions
Term
Malware
Example
Viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware
Definition
Malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorized access
Term
Phishing
Example
Fake emails asking for passwords
Definition
Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information through fake communications
Term
Two-Factor Authentication
Example
Password + SMS code
Definition
Security process requiring two different authentication factors
Diagrams To Know
- Cybersecurity threat categories
- Multi-layered security defense diagram
Section Title
Philippine IT Laws & Regulations
Important Facts
- R.A. 11934: SIM Registration Act (2022)
- Cybercrime penalties include imprisonment and fines
- Data privacy rights: access, rectification, deletion of personal data
- Fair use provisions allow limited use of copyrighted material for education
- Digital piracy is a criminal offense
Key Definitions
Term
R.A. 10175
Example
Covers cyberlibel, online fraud, hacking
Definition
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 - addresses online criminal offenses
Term
R.A. 10173
Example
Requires consent for data collection and processing
Definition
Data Privacy Act of 2012 - protects personal information in information systems
Term
R.A. 8293
Example
Prohibits unauthorized copying of software and media
Definition
Intellectual Property Code - protects copyrights, patents, trademarks
Diagrams To Know
- Philippine IT laws timeline
- Data privacy compliance flowchart
Section Title
IT in Elementary Education
Important Facts
- Benefits: interactive learning, access to information, global communication, creativity tools
- Challenges: digital divide, distractions, screen time effects, safety concerns
- Age-appropriate tools: Scratch programming, educational apps, digital storytelling
- Teacher responsibilities: model digital citizenship, ensure online safety, balance tech use
- CARS criteria for evaluating online information: Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, Support
Key Definitions
Term
Digital Divide
Example
Urban vs rural internet access differences
Definition
Gap between those with and without access to digital technology
Term
Blended Learning
Example
Using tablets for interactive lessons in classroom
Definition
Educational approach combining online and face-to-face instruction
Term
Digital Literacy
Example
Researching reliable sources online
Definition
Ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create content using technology
Diagrams To Know
- Technology integration in classroom diagram
- Digital literacy skills framework
Must Remember
- 1 byte = 8 bits, 1 KB = 1,024 bytes (binary system, not decimal)
- Input devices bring data IN (keyboard, mouse), output devices send data OUT (monitor, printer)
- System software manages hardware, application software serves users
- HTTPS is secure HTTP - look for the lock icon in browsers
- R.A. 10175 = Cybercrime Prevention Act, R.A. 10173 = Data Privacy Act
- Digital citizenship has 9 elements: access, commerce, communication, literacy, etiquette, law, rights, health, security
- CARS criteria for web evaluation: Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, Support
- Common file extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pdf (documents), .jpg (images)
- Strong passwords: long, unique, mixed characters, not shared
- Children's online safety: no personal info sharing, tell adults about problems, respect others
Last Minute Tips
- Focus on Philippine IT laws - memorize R.A. numbers and their purposes
- Remember the 9 elements of digital citizenship - they're frequently tested
- Know the difference between input/output devices and hardware/software categories
- CARS method for web evaluation is a common essay topic
- File extensions are easy points - memorize the common ones (.docx, .xlsx, .pdf, .jpg, .mp3, .mp4)
Comparison Tables
Rows
Values
- Physical components
- Programs and instructions
Property
Nature
Values
- CPU, RAM, keyboard
- Windows, Microsoft Word
Property
Examples
Values
- Can be touched
- Cannot be touched
Property
Tangibility
Values
- Physical damage
- Corruption or bugs
Property
Failure type
Columns
- Hardware
- Software
Table Title
Hardware vs Software
Rows
Values
- Manages computer resources
- Performs specific user tasks
Property
Purpose
Values
- Windows, macOS, Linux
- Word, Excel, Chrome
Property
Examples
Values
- Indirect interaction
- Direct user interaction
Property
User interaction
Values
- Pre-installed
- User installs as needed
Property
Installation
Columns
- System Software
- Application Software
Table Title
System vs Application Software
Rows
Values
- Not secure
- Secure/encrypted
Property
Security
Values
- Port 80
- Port 443
Property
Port number
Values
- http://
- https://
Property
URL prefix
Values
- Plain text
- Encrypted transmission
Property
Data protection
Columns
- HTTP
- HTTPS
Table Title
HTTP vs HTTPS
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