CELE Transportation & Highway Engineering — Ports, Harbors, Airports and RailroadsConcept Map

Concept

Railroad Engineering

Sub Concepts

• Track Gauge (Standard 1.435 m)
• Superelevation/Cant Formula (e = GV²/127R)
• Ruling Gradient
• Transition Curves
• Check Rails
• Curve Resistance
• Train Load Limitations

Relationship To Central

One of four primary transportation modes; focuses on track geometry and train dynamics

Concept

Airport Engineering

Sub Concepts

• Runway Orientation (Wind Rose Analysis)
• Runway Length Calculation
• Elevation Correction (+7% per 300 m)
• Temperature Correction (+1% per °C above ISA standard)
• Gradient Correction
• Taxiways and Aprons
• Clear Zones and Safety Areas
• Geometric Design Standards

Relationship To Central

One of four primary transportation modes; focuses on runway design and wind coverage

Concept

Ports and Harbors

Sub Concepts

• Harbor Basin Design
• Breakwaters (Wave Protection)
• Wharves and Quays
• Berth Design
• Turning Basins
• Dredged Channels
• Under-Keel Clearance
• Tidal Datum Reference
• Mooring Forces
• Berthing Forces

Relationship To Central

One of four primary transportation modes; focuses on water vessel accommodation and maritime infrastructure

Concept

Design Parameters and Standards

Sub Concepts

• Geometric Design Standards
• Load and Capacity Analysis
• Safety Clearances
• Environmental Conditions (Wind, Temperature, Elevation)
• Material Selection
• Structural Design

Relationship To Central

Common principles and calculation methods across all four transportation modes

Concept

Common Calculation Methodology

Sub Concepts

• Force Balance Equations
• Correction Factor Application
• Successive Multiplier Method
• Datum-Referenced Measurements
• Capacity Adjustments

Relationship To Central

Shared computational framework for design verification across all modes

To

Track Gauge (Standard 1.435 m)

From

Superelevation/Cant Formula (e = GV²/127R)

Strength

strong

Relationship

Gauge is a required input parameter in the cant formula; standard 1.435 m is the universal value used in calculations

To

Elevation Correction (+7% per 300 m)

From

Runway Length Calculation

Strength

strong

Relationship

Elevation correction is the first successive correction applied to basic runway length; critical for high-elevation airports (common in Philippine applications like Baguio, Tagaytay)

To

Elevation Correction (+7% per 300 m)

From

Temperature Correction (+1% per °C above ISA standard)

Strength

strong

Relationship

Both corrections are applied successively as multipliers to runway length; temperature correction depends on ISA standard calculated from elevation

To

Temperature Correction (+1% per °C above ISA standard)

From

ISA Standard Reference

Strength

strong

Relationship

ISA standard temperature varies with elevation (15°C – 6.5°C per 1000 m); must be calculated before applying temperature correction factor

To

Dredged Channels

From

Under-Keel Clearance

Strength

strong

Relationship

Under-keel clearance (1.2–1.5 m typical) is added to design vessel draft to determine minimum channel depth below tidal datum

To

Under-Keel Clearance

From

Design Vessel Draft

Strength

strong

Relationship

Channel depth = Draft + Clearance; clearance protects vessel from bottom contact during tidal variation and wave action (squat effect)

To

Dredged Channels

From

Tidal Datum Reference

Strength

strong

Relationship

All harbor depths are referenced to a tidal datum (not arbitrary MSL); ensures consistent depth measurements during tide changes

To

Runway Orientation (Wind Rose Analysis)

From

Wind Rose Analysis

Strength

strong

Relationship

Wind rose is the primary tool for selecting runway heading to achieve 95% wind coverage requirement

To

Runway Orientation (Wind Rose Analysis)

From

Prevailing Wind Direction

Strength

strong

Relationship

Runway is aligned to maximize coverage of prevailing and secondary wind directions; standard acceptable crosswind is 10–15 knots

To

Ruling Gradient

From

Curve Resistance

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Ruling gradient (steepest sustainable grade) is limited by the combined resistance of track curvature plus grade; determines maximum train load on curves

To

Transition Curves

From

Check Rails

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Both are auxiliary track elements; transition curves ease superelevation change; check rails prevent derailment on sharp curves

To

Superelevation/Cant Formula (e = GV²/127R)

From

Force Balance Principles

Strength

strong

Relationship

Cant formula is derived from force balance: equilibrium of centrifugal force against gravity component on the banking curve

To

Runway Length Calculation

From

Successive Multiplier Application

Strength

strong

Relationship

Runway correction factors (elevation, temperature, gradient) are applied as successive multipliers, not added; L_final = L_0 × (1+f₁) × (1+f₂) × ...

To

Taxiways and Aprons

From

Geometric Design Standards

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Taxiway width, turning radius, and apron dimensions follow ICAO geometric standards; depend on design aircraft category and operational requirements

To

Runway Strips

From

Clear Zones and Safety Areas

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Runway strip dimensions and clear zone buffer extend beyond runway ends to protect against undercarriage failure and overrun conditions; dimensions depend on runway category

To

Harbor Basin Design

From

Breakwaters (Wave Protection)

Strength

strong

Relationship

Breakwaters protect harbor basin from wave action; required for safe mooring and berthing of vessels in exposed coastal locations

To

Mooring Forces

From

Berth Design

Strength

strong

Relationship

Berth structure must resist mooring forces (wind, current, tide) and berthing impact forces from vessel approach; drives pile design and fender specification

To

Harbor Basin Design

From

Turning Basins

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Turning basin provides space for vessel maneuverability; diameter depends on design vessel length and beam; essential for operational efficiency

To

Runway Length Calculation

From

Environmental Conditions (Wind, Temperature, Elevation)

Strength

strong

Relationship

All three environmental factors (elevation, temperature, gradient) directly reduce runway availability; cumulative effect drives length requirements at high-altitude or hot-climate airports

To

Train Load Limitations

From

Load and Capacity Analysis

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Train capacity on a curve is limited by adhesion between wheel and rail, resisting both grade resistance and curve resistance; ruling gradient incorporates both factors