Upper & Lower Respiratory Infections - Concept Map
Respiratory Tract Infections: Pathophysiology, Classification, Assessment, and Nursing Management
Related concepts
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Sub concepts
- Sinusitis
- Pharyngitis
- Clinical manifestations
- Management principles
Relationship to central
Infections affecting structures above the larynx; generally milder, self-limiting; foundational to understanding respiratory infection spectrum
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Sub concepts
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Influenza
- Acute bronchitis
- Severity spectrum
Relationship to central
Infections affecting bronchi, bronchioles, and lung parenchyma; more serious, requiring intensive nursing intervention; include pneumonia and tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Sub concepts
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Pathophysiology and consolidation
- Diagnostic modalities
- Antibiotic pharmacology
- Complications
Relationship to central
A prioritized lower respiratory infection requiring immediate airway and oxygenation management; leading cause of morbidity in Philippines
Tuberculosis
Sub concepts
- Pathophysiology and granuloma formation
- Latent vs active TB
- Diagnostic methods
- National TB Control Program
- DOTS strategy
- RIPE drug regimen
- Drug toxicities
- Infection control
Relationship to central
High-yield NLE topic; Philippine national priority; requires understanding of DOTS, GeneXpert, RIPE regimen, and airborne precautions
Nursing Priorities and Interventions
Sub concepts
- Airway management
- Oxygenation and positioning
- Infection control protocols
- Medication administration
- Patient education
- Monitoring and assessment
- Complication prevention
Relationship to central
Core nursing process application addressing immediate life threats (airway, oxygenation), infection control, adherence, and patient education
Pharmacology in Respiratory Infections
Sub concepts
- First-line antibiotics for CAP
- TB drug regimen RIPE
- Macrolide side effects
- Fluoroquinolone toxicities
- Antiviral therapy for influenza
- Supportive medications
Relationship to central
Understanding antimicrobials, antivirals, and supportive medications essential for safe practice and NLE success
Infection Control and Prevention
Sub concepts
- Airborne precautions for TB
- Droplet precautions for influenza
- Standard precautions
- Vaccination programs
- Contact tracing
- Environmental controls
Relationship to central
Critical to protect patients, healthcare workers, and community; airborne vs droplet precautions; vaccination strategies
Concept connections
- Upper Respiratory InfectionsLower Respiratory InfectionsUpper RTI can progress to lower RTI if untreated or in immunocompromised patients; understanding both establishes severity spectrum
- PneumoniaAirway and Oxygenation PriorityPneumonia causes alveolar consolidation and exudate leading to hypoxemia; nursing priority is maintaining patent airway and adequate oxygenation
- TuberculosisNational TB Control ProgramTB management in Philippines mandated through DOTS strategy by NTP; GeneXpert is first-line diagnostic under Philippine NTP protocol
- RIPE RegimenDrug Toxicity MonitoringEach TB drug has signature toxicity requiring specific nursing monitoring; hepatotoxicity shared across R, I, P requires liver function assessment
- IsoniazidPyridoxine Vitamin B6Pyridoxine MUST be given with isoniazid to prevent peripheral neuropathy; this is a high-yield NLE combination item
- RifampicinOral Contraceptive EfficacyRifampicin enzyme inducer reduces oral contraceptive effectiveness; barrier method recommended; important counseling point
- EthambutolVision MonitoringEthambutol causes optic neuritis with red-green color blindness and decreased acuity; baseline and periodic vision checks essential
- TB Airborne TransmissionN95 Respirator UseTB is airborne requiring N95 respirator for healthcare workers; not droplet; critical NLE distractor prevention
- DOTS StrategyAdherence and MDR TB PreventionDirectly observed therapy ensures complete treatment adherence; incomplete treatment is primary driver of multidrug-resistant TB development
- Latent TB InfectionActive TB ReactivationLatent TB (infected but not infectious) can reactivate to active TB under immunosuppression (HIV, diabetes, malnutrition); granuloma breakdown occurs
- GeneXpert MTB/RIFTB Diagnosis and Rifampicin ResistanceGeneXpert is Philippine NTP first-line diagnostic detecting TB AND rifampicin resistance simultaneously in 2 hours; replaced sputum smear microscopy
- Cough Greater Than 2 WeeksTB Screening TriggerAny cough persisting 2 weeks or longer is TB screening indicator in Philippine context; key for early identification
- Community Acquired PneumoniaAmoxicillin First Line AntibioticStreptococcus pneumoniae most common CAP cause; amoxicillin or macrolide first-line empiric therapy before culture results
- Rust Colored SputumPneumococcal PneumoniaClassic presentation of pneumococcal pneumonia is rust-colored (blood-tinged) sputum; helps guide diagnosis and antibiotic selection
- Elderly Patient PneumoniaAtypical PresentationElderly often present with confusion or falls rather than fever as primary pneumonia symptom; blunted fever response; high-yield NLE point
- Group A Beta Hemolytic StreptococcusComplete Antibiotic CourseGABHS pharyngitis must be treated with full antibiotic course to prevent rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis complications
- Influenza Oseltamivir Treatment48 Hour Treatment WindowAntiviral oseltamivir most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset; timing is critical for efficacy
- Acute BronchitisViral Self LimitingAcute bronchitis is usually viral and self-limiting; antibiotics NOT indicated; overuse drives antibiotic resistance
- High Fowler PositioningLung Expansion OxygenationHigh-Fowler's position maximizes lung expansion by gravity, facilitating better ventilation and oxygenation in respiratory infections
- Deep Breathing CoughingAirway ClearanceEncourages mobilization and expectoration of respiratory secretions; prevents atelectasis; reduces risk of complications
- Hydration 2-3 Liters DailySputum LooseningAdequate fluid intake loosens secretions promoting expectoration; essential nursing intervention for respiratory infections
- Hepatotoxic TB DrugsAlcohol AvoidanceAlcohol compounds hepatotoxicity of R, I, P; must teach patient strict avoidance during and after TB treatment
- Household Contact ScreeningTB Control and PreventionFamily members of active TB cases must be screened and managed; part of disease control strategy to prevent community spread
- Pneumococcal and Influenza VaccinesPrevention StrategyVaccination of high-risk groups (elderly, chronic disease) prevents pneumonia and influenza; primary prevention approach
- Mantoux Skin TestTB Infection DetectionMantoux PPD read at 48-72 hours measuring induration indicates TB infection/exposure; positive in active and latent TB and prior BCG vaccination
- Aspiration PneumoniaImpaired Swallowing and Decreased LOCHigh risk for aspiration pneumonia when swallowing impaired or consciousness decreased; aspiration of gastric contents and secretions
- Hospital Acquired PneumoniaResistant OrganismsHAP caused by more resistant Gram-negative bacteria and MRSA; requires broader-spectrum empiric therapy than CAP
- Pleural EffusionPneumonia ComplicationFluid accumulation in pleural space can occur with pneumonia; may require drainage; complication of consolidation
- Nursing ProcessAssessment Planning Implementation EvaluationCore framework for all respiratory infection management integrating patient data collection diagnosis planning interventions and outcome evaluation
- Maslow HierarchyAirway Oxygenation PriorityPhysiological needs (breathing) are base of Maslow hierarchy; airway and oxygenation are top nursing priority in respiratory infections
Diagrams
Upper & Lower Respiratory Infections: Comprehensive Concept Map
Comprehensive mind map showing the hierarchical organization of respiratory tract infections, distinguishing upper and lower respiratory infections, key causative organisms, diagnostic approaches, pharmacological interventions, and priority nursing management based on Maslow's hierarchy and the nursing process. This visual captures the breadth of content essential for NLE preparation.
Pneumonia: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Nursing Intervention Pathway
Flowchart depicting the systematic nursing assessment and intervention pathway for pneumonia from initial suspicion through diagnosis to priority interventions. Emphasizes the critical priority of oxygenation (Maslow-based), diagnostic confirmation, appropriate antibiotic selection, and monitoring for complications. Aligned with nursing process and Philippine healthcare delivery context.
Tuberculosis: Diagnostic Pathway and DOTS Implementation (Philippine NTP)
Detailed flowchart showing the Philippine National TB Control Program pathway emphasizing GeneXpert as first-line diagnostic, DOTS implementation, the RIPE regimen with drug-specific toxicities, and critical nursing priorities including airborne precautions and adherence monitoring. This directly addresses high-yield NLE content and Philippine healthcare delivery context.
TB Disease Progression: From Exposure to Active Disease to Treatment Outcomes
State diagram illustrating TB disease progression from initial exposure through immune response, latency, reactivation into active disease, and treatment outcomes. Highlights the critical distinction between latent and active TB, the pathway to MDR-TB with poor adherence, and the importance of DOTS-compliant treatment. Essential for understanding TB pathophysiology and prevention strategies.
RIPE Drug Regimen: Pharmacology, Dosing, and Toxicity Monitoring for TB Treatment
Comprehensive flowchart detailing the RIPE TB drug regimen with specific doses, signature toxicities, and nursing monitoring priorities. Emphasizes the hepatotoxicity shared across R, I, and P; the critical need for pyridoxine with isoniazid; visual monitoring for ethambutol; and contraceptive efficacy loss with rifampicin. High-yield content for NLE success and safe TB nursing practice.
Infection Control Precautions: TB Airborne vs Influenza Droplet (NLE Distractor Alert)
Critical comparison flowchart distinguishing between airborne precautions for TB (requiring N95 respirator and negative-pressure isolation) versus droplet precautions for influenza (requiring surgical mask and standard room). This directly addresses a high-yield NLE distractor question pattern and emphasizes the signature infection control distinction for TB as a cornerstone of nursing management aligned with RA 9173 and Philippine health delivery standards.