Health Promotion & Primary Health Care - Concept Map
Primary Health Care (PHC): Foundation of Community Health Nursing Practice
Related concepts
Primary Health Care (PHC) - Definition & Framework
Sub concepts
- Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) - WHO/UNICEF Conference
- Goal: Health for All by Year 2000
- Philippine adoption: LOI 949 (October 19, 1979)
- Community participation as primary cornerstone
- Partnership approach emphasizing shared responsibility
Relationship to central
Core foundation; established at Alma-Ata 1978 as essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound methods made universally accessible
Four Cornerstones/Principles of PHC
Sub concepts
- Community Participation - primary cornerstone; active problem-solving
- Intersectoral Collaboration/Linkages - coordination across agriculture, education, housing, water, public works
- Appropriate Technology - scientifically sound, locally adaptable, acceptable, affordable
- Support Mechanisms and Recognition of Health-Development Interrelationship
Relationship to central
Essential pillars that guide PHC implementation and community health nursing practice
PHC Attributes: The 4 As
Sub concepts
- Accessible - within easy reach (physical, geographic accessibility)
- Available - services and resources present when needed
- Affordable - at cost community can bear
- Acceptable - culturally appropriate and aligned with community beliefs
Relationship to central
Criteria for evaluating and ensuring quality PHC service delivery in communities
Essential Elements of PHC (ELEMENTS mnemonic)
Sub concepts
- E - Education for health
- L - Locally endemic disease control
- E - Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
- M - Maternal and child health, family planning
- E - Essential drugs
- N - Nutrition
- T - Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases
- S - Safe water and sanitation
- Additional: Mental health, Dental health
Relationship to central
Core services and programs that constitute comprehensive PHC delivery
Health Promotion - Definition & Scope
Sub concepts
- WHO Definition: Process of enabling people to increase control over health
- Moves beyond disease prevention to build wellness capacity
- Encompasses physical, emotional, social, spiritual, environmental dimensions
- Health-Illness Continuum framework
- Wellness as the ultimate goal
Relationship to central
Complementary process that builds on PHC; enables people to increase control and improve health beyond disease prevention
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986)
Sub concepts
- Five Action Areas: Build healthy public policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services toward prevention and promotion
- Three Basic Strategies: Advocate, Enable, Mediate
Relationship to central
International framework guiding health promotion action areas and strategies
Models of Health Behaviour Change
Sub concepts
- Health Belief Model - perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action
- Pender's Health Promotion Model - approach behaviours toward wellness; individual perceptions and modifying factors
- Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse
Relationship to central
Theoretical frameworks explaining and predicting how individuals adopt health-promoting behaviours
Health Education - The Nurse's Primary Tool
Sub concepts
- Definition: Learning experiences to improve health through knowledge, attitudes, behaviour
- Three Learning Domains: Cognitive (knowledge), Affective (attitudes/feelings), Psychomotor (skills)
- Principles: Start where learner is, set mutual objectives, make relevant/practical/culturally appropriate
- Assessment of readiness, knowledge, beliefs before teaching
- Evaluation and follow-up for retention
Relationship to central
Most important tool of community health nurse; core PHC element for behaviour and attitudinal change
Health Education Methods & Delivery
Sub concepts
- Individual teaching - counselling, one-on-one during home visits/clinic
- Group teaching - health classes, mothers' classes, demonstrations, role-play, lectures
- Mass/community teaching - campaigns, media, posters, community assemblies
- Return demonstration for psychomotor domain
- Discussion and role-play for affective domain
- Lecture and printed materials for cognitive domain
Relationship to central
Practical strategies for implementing health education across individuals, groups, and communities
Community Organizing and Participation (COPAR)
Sub concepts
- Purpose: Educate and mobilise people to identify and solve own health problems
- Goal: Community self-reliance and sustainability
- Four Phases: Pre-entry, Entry, Organization-building, Sustenance/strengthening
- Formation of community health organizations and core leader groups
- Gradual phase-out of organizer as independence increases
Relationship to central
Structured process for empowering communities to become self-reliant; essence of PHC implementation
Community Health Process (Nursing Process at Population Level)
Sub concepts
- Community Diagnosis/Assessment - demographic, vital, morbidity, resource data analysis
- Planning/Prioritization - goal-setting WITH community participation
- Implementation - carrying out programs with community resources
- Evaluation - measuring outcomes using health indicators
- Comprehensive vs Problem-oriented diagnosis
- Community as the client
Relationship to central
Systematic approach to addressing community health needs paralleling individual nursing process
Levels of Prevention in Health Promotion
Sub concepts
- Primary Prevention - before disease (education, immunization, nutrition, sanitation, lifestyle)
- Secondary Prevention - screening, case-finding, early treatment, health maintenance
- Tertiary Prevention - rehabilitation, support groups, complication prevention
- Cost-effectiveness principle favors upstream intervention
- Health promotion emphasis on primary prevention
Relationship to central
Framework for categorizing interventions; health promotion anchored in primary prevention
Health Promotion in Philippine Context
Sub concepts
- DOH Health Promotion Bureau coordination
- RA 11215 - National Integrated Cancer Control Act
- RA 11223 - Universal Health Care (UHC) with promotive services
- RA 9173 - Philippine Nursing Act (defines nurse roles and practice standards)
- Tobacco and nutrition-related legislation
- Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) as grassroots implementers
- Sentrong Sigla - health-promoting facilities
- Healthy Lifestyle campaigns targeting NCD risk factors
- National Nutrition Council programs (micronutrient supplementation, food fortification)
Relationship to central
Localized application of health promotion principles within Philippine healthcare system and governance
Nurse's Roles in Health Promotion & PHC
Sub concepts
- Health Educator - central role; empowering with knowledge and skills
- Community Organizer/Facilitator - mobilizing participation, building capacity
- Advocate - for health policies, resources, underserved populations
- Collaborator - across sectors, with leaders and BHWs
- Role Model and Change Agent - demonstrating healthy behaviors
- Care Provider and Manager - integrating promotion with essential services
- Shift from treating illness in individuals to enabling community health
Relationship to central
Comprehensive scope of nursing responsibilities integrated across all community health activities
Concept connections
- Primary Health Care (PHC)Four Cornerstones/PrinciplesPHC is guided and implemented through its four foundational principles
- Primary Health Care (PHC)Health PromotionHealth promotion builds on and extends PHC principles; complements PHC implementation
- Community ParticipationCOPAR ProcessCOPAR is the structured methodology for operationalizing community participation in PHC
- Health PromotionOttawa CharterOttawa Charter provides the international framework and action areas for health promotion
- Health EducationLearning Domains (Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor)Learning domains guide the design and evaluation of health education interventions
- Behavior Change ModelsHealth Education MethodsBehavior change models inform selection of appropriate health education strategies
- Transtheoretical ModelHealth Education MethodsStages of change model guides nurse tailoring of interventions to client readiness
- Community Health ProcessLevels of PreventionPrevention levels guide prioritization of interventions in community health planning
- Essential Elements of PHCCommunity Health ProcessEssential elements define the scope of community health programs assessed and planned
- Nurse RolesHealth EducationHealth educator is the central nurse role in PHC and health promotion
- Nurse RolesCOPAR ProcessCommunity organizer role operationalizes COPAR phases and community participation
- Intersectoral CollaborationCommunity Health ProcessMulti-sector coordination essential for implementing comprehensive community health programs
- Philippine Context (Legislation)Nurse RolesRA 9173 defines legal scope of nursing practice in health promotion and PHC
- Appropriate TechnologyHealth Education MethodsAppropriate technology principle guides selection of culturally acceptable educational tools
- Health-Illness ContinuumLevels of PreventionContinuum framework explains how prevention levels move individuals toward wellness
- PHC Attributes 4AsCommunity Health Process Planning4As criteria guide evaluation and planning of community health service delivery
- Health Belief ModelHealth Education AssessmentModel guides assessment of client perceptions influencing health behavior adoption
- Pender's Health Promotion ModelHealth Education MethodsModel emphasizes positive approach to wellness guiding health promotion education
- Return DemonstrationPsychomotor DomainReturn demonstration is the evaluation method for assessing psychomotor skill competency
- Community DiagnosisProblem PrioritizationAccurate community diagnosis enables data-driven prioritization of health problems
- Barangay Health WorkersPHC ImplementationBHWs are frontline implementers of PHC and health education at grassroots level
- Sustenance Phase COPARCommunity Self-RelianceSustenance phase goal is achieving independent community management and sustainability
- Advocacy RoleSocial Justice in HealthNurse advocacy ensures equitable access to health resources and elimination of health disparities
Diagrams
Health Promotion & Primary Health Care - Comprehensive Concept Hierarchy
Comprehensive mind map showing the hierarchical organization of all key concepts in Health Promotion and Primary Health Care, including foundations, principles, frameworks, processes, and the nurse's role in the Philippine healthcare context.
COPAR Process Flow - Four Phases of Community Organizing
Visual representation of the four sequential phases of Community Organizing and Participatory Action Research (COPAR), showing the progression from pre-entry through community integration, organization-building, to sustenance and achievement of self-reliance.
Community Health Process - Nursing Process at Population Level
Sequential flowchart of the Community Health Process showing how the nursing process is applied at the population/community level, including assessment, planning with community participation, implementation, and evaluation with feedback loops for continuous improvement.
Transtheoretical Model - Stages of Change in Health Behavior
Illustration of the Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model showing the five stages of behavior change progression from precontemplation through maintenance, including intervention strategies for each stage and the possibility of relapse requiring re-entry to earlier stages.
Health Education - Learning Domains & Teaching Methods Matrix
Matrix showing the relationship between the three learning domains (cognitive, affective, psychomotor), appropriate teaching methods for each, and corresponding evaluation approaches, guiding the nurse in selecting evidence-based educational strategies.
Health Promotion Action Areas - Ottawa Charter Implementation
Framework showing the Ottawa Charter's five action areas for health promotion and the three basic strategies (advocate, enable, mediate) that guide implementation of comprehensive, multi-level health promotion interventions.
Nurse's Roles in Health Promotion & PHC - Integration Model
Integration model showing how the six core nurse roles in health promotion and PHC (health educator, community organizer, advocate, collaborator, change agent, and care provider/manager) work together to shift nursing practice from treating individual illness to enabling community health achievement.
Levels of Prevention Distribution in Health Promotion Practice
Distribution showing the emphasis in health promotion practice, with primary prevention comprising the largest component (60%) as the most upstream and cost-effective intervention, followed by secondary (25%) and tertiary (15%) prevention levels.