NLE Community Health Nursing — Epidemiology & BiostatisticsConcept Map

Concept

Epidemiology Fundamentals

Sub Concepts

• Definition: Distribution & Determinants of Health
• Person-Place-Time Framework
• Unit of Care: Population/Community
• Purpose: Describe, Detect, Investigate, Control

Relationship To Central

Core discipline defining how disease patterns are studied in communities

Concept

Models of Disease Causation

Sub Concepts

• Epidemiologic Triangle: Agent-Host-Environment
• Vector in Disease Transmission
• Web of Causation: Multiple Risk Factors
• Chain of Infection: Six Links

Relationship To Central

Explains how diseases develop and spread in populations

Concept

Disease Occurrence Patterns

Sub Concepts

• Sporadic: Occasional & Irregular
• Endemic: Constant Presence in Area
• Epidemic/Outbreak: Excess of Expected Cases
• Pandemic: Cross-Country Spread

Relationship To Central

Describes how diseases appear and spread in populations

Concept

Natural History & Levels of Prevention

Sub Concepts

• Prepathogenesis Stage: Susceptibility
• Pathogenesis Stage: Subclinical to Clinical
• Primary Prevention: Health Promotion & Protection
• Secondary Prevention: Early Detection & Treatment
• Tertiary Prevention: Rehabilitation & Disability Limitation

Relationship To Central

Framework for intervention timing based on disease progression

Concept

Surveillance Systems (Philippine Context)

Sub Concepts

• DOH Epidemiology Bureau: Coordination
• PIDSR: Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance & Response
• ESUs: Regional, Provincial, Municipal Units
• Passive vs. Active Surveillance
• Notifiable Diseases Reporting

Relationship To Central

Systematic collection and analysis of health data for action

Concept

Outbreak Investigation Process

Sub Concepts

• Step 1: Establish & Verify Diagnosis
• Step 2: Define & Identify Cases
• Step 3: Describe by Person-Place-Time
• Step 4: Formulate & Test Hypothesis
• Step 5: Implement Control Measures
• Step 6: Communicate Findings
• Epidemic Curve: Point-Source vs. Propagated

Relationship To Central

Systematic steps to respond to excess disease occurrence

Concept

Vital Statistics (Philippine Context)

Sub Concepts

• Definition: Births, Deaths, Marriages, Health Events
• Data Source: Civil Registration
• Crude Birth Rate Formula & Interpretation
• Crude Death Rate Formula & Interpretation
• Infant & Neonatal Mortality Rates
• Maternal Mortality Rate/Ratio
• Fetal Death Rate
• Cause-of-Death & Proportionate Mortality Rates

Relationship To Central

Quantifies major health and demographic events in populations

Concept

Morbidity & Disease-Frequency Formulas

Sub Concepts

• Incidence Rate: New Cases & Risk
• Prevalence Rate: All Existing Cases & Burden
• Attack Rate: Used in Outbreaks
• Case Fatality Rate: Disease Severity
• Incidence vs. Prevalence Distinction

Relationship To Central

Quantifies disease occurrence and severity in populations

Concept

Screening & Test Validity

Sub Concepts

• Sensitivity: Correctly Identifies Those With Disease
• Specificity: Correctly Identifies Those Without Disease
• Positive Predictive Value & Prevalence
• Negative Predictive Value
• Screening Program Criteria

Relationship To Central

Evaluates tools for early disease detection

Concept

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Sub Concepts

• Descriptive Studies: Case Reports & Surveys
• Cohort Study: Forward in Time & Relative Risk
• Case-Control Study: Backward Approach & Odds Ratio
• Experimental/RCT: Strongest Evidence

Relationship To Central

Methods for investigating disease patterns and causation

Concept

Data Interpretation & Central Tendency

Sub Concepts

• Mean: Arithmetic Average
• Median: Middle Value
• Mode: Most Frequent Value
• Rate vs. Ratio vs. Proportion

Relationship To Central

Statistical tools for analyzing population health data

Concept

Data Sources (Philippine Context)

Sub Concepts

• Census: PSA Complete Population Count
• Civil Registration: Births, Deaths, Fetal Deaths
• FHSIS: Routine RHU & Health Center Data
• Surveys & Surveillance Systems
• Documentation & Accuracy Importance

Relationship To Central

Origins of health information for epidemiologic analysis

Concept

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

Sub Concepts

• Case-Finding & Contact Tracing
• Notifiable Disease Reporting (PIDSR/FHSIS)
• Vital & Health Statistics Collection
• Program Planning & Evaluation
• Health Teaching & Chain-Breaking Interventions
• RA 9173 Professional Responsibilities

Relationship To Central

Application of epidemiologic principles in community health practice

To

Disease Causation Models

From

Epidemiology Fundamentals

Strength

strong

Relationship

Epidemiology uses models to explain how diseases develop and spread

To

Disease Occurrence Patterns

From

Epidemiology Fundamentals

Strength

strong

Relationship

The descriptive person-place-time framework identifies disease occurrence patterns

To

Chain of Infection

From

Disease Causation Models

Strength

strong

Relationship

Chain of infection is a specific model explaining communicable disease transmission

To

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

From

Chain of Infection

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nurses break the chain through interventions at each link

To

Outbreak Investigation Process

From

Disease Occurrence Patterns

Strength

strong

Relationship

Outbreak investigation is triggered when disease exceeds endemic levels

To

Natural History & Levels of Prevention

From

Outbreak Investigation Process

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Investigation findings guide prevention strategy selection

To

Outbreak Investigation Process

From

Surveillance Systems

Strength

strong

Relationship

Surveillance detects outbreaks, triggering investigation

To

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

From

Surveillance Systems

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nurses report notifiable diseases through PIDSR

To

Data Interpretation & Central Tendency

From

Vital Statistics

Strength

strong

Relationship

Statistical measures are used to analyze vital statistics data

To

Data Sources PH

From

Vital Statistics

Strength

strong

Relationship

Vital statistics primarily come from civil registration

To

Vital Statistics

From

Disease-Frequency Formulas

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Morbidity formulas (incidence, prevalence) complement mortality statistics

To

Study Designs

From

Disease-Frequency Formulas

Strength

strong

Relationship

Study designs generate the data used to calculate disease frequency measures

To

Natural History & Levels of Prevention

From

Screening & Test Validity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Screening is a secondary prevention tool requiring valid tests

To

Disease-Frequency Formulas

From

Screening & Test Validity

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Test predictive values are influenced by disease prevalence

To

Outbreak Investigation Process

From

Study Designs

Strength

strong

Relationship

Outbreak investigations use cohort and case-control study designs

To

Surveillance Systems

From

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nurses implement surveillance by identifying and reporting cases

To

Outbreak Investigation Process

From

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nurses conduct case-finding, contact tracing, and health education during outbreaks

To

Natural History & Levels of Prevention

From

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nurses implement all three levels of prevention across disease natural history

To

Nursing Roles in Epidemiology

From

Data Sources PH

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Accurate nursing documentation contributes to health data quality

To

Natural History & Levels of Prevention

From

Disease Causation Models

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Understanding causation informs which preventive strategies to target