NLE Cardiovascular Nursing — Heart Failure and Cardiac DysrhythmiasConcept Map

Concept

Heart Failure

Sub Concepts

• Pathophysiology and Compensatory Mechanisms
• Left-Sided Heart Failure
• Right-Sided Heart Failure
• Acute Pulmonary Edema
• Chronic Heart Failure Management

Relationship To Central

Primary cardiovascular pathology affecting cardiac output and tissue perfusion

Concept

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Sub Concepts

• Atrial Dysrhythmias
• Ventricular Dysrhythmias
• Conduction Disorders
• Assessment and Interpretation
• Emergency Management

Relationship To Central

Disturbances in cardiac rate, rhythm, or conduction affecting hemodynamic stability

Concept

Diagnostic and Monitoring Tools

Sub Concepts

• BNP and Biomarkers
• Chest X-ray Findings
• Echocardiography
• ECG Interpretation
• Hemodynamic Monitoring

Relationship To Central

Essential assessment methods for identifying and evaluating cardiac conditions

Concept

Pharmacological Management

Sub Concepts

• Digoxin and Cardiac Glycosides
• Diuretics
• ACE Inhibitors and ARBs
• Beta-Blockers
• Vasodilators and Nitrates
• Antidysrhythmics
• Anticoagulants

Relationship To Central

Drug therapies that modify disease progression and manage symptoms

Concept

Interventional and Device Therapy

Sub Concepts

• Pacemakers
• Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators
• Defibrillation Techniques
• Cardioversion Procedures

Relationship To Central

Mechanical and electrical interventions for rhythm management and cardiac support

Concept

Nursing Care and Patient Management

Sub Concepts

• Assessment and Monitoring Priorities
• Acute Pulmonary Edema Nursing Interventions
• Chronic HF Self-Management Education
• Daily Weight Monitoring
• Fluid and Sodium Restrictions
• Activity and Rest Balance

Relationship To Central

Evidence-based nursing interventions aligned with RA 9173 and Philippine healthcare standards

Concept

Patient Education and Complications

Sub Concepts

• Daily Weight Monitoring Teaching
• Medication Adherence
• Digoxin Toxicity Recognition
• Stroke Prevention in AFib
• Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention
• DOH PhilPEN Program Integration

Relationship To Central

Teaching strategies and prevention of serious sequelae in HF and dysrhythmias

To

Left-Sided Heart Failure

From

Heart Failure

Strength

strong

Relationship

Describes specific pathophysiology where left ventricular dysfunction causes pulmonary congestion

To

Right-Sided Heart Failure

From

Heart Failure

Strength

strong

Relationship

Describes specific pathophysiology where right ventricular dysfunction causes systemic congestion

To

Acute Pulmonary Edema

From

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Strength

strong

Relationship

Acute decompensation of left-sided HF; medical emergency requiring emergency nursing interventions

To

LMNOP Protocol

From

Acute Pulmonary Edema

Strength

strong

Relationship

Evidence-based emergency management framework integrating positioning, medications, and monitoring

To

Pharmacological Management

From

Compensatory Mechanisms

Strength

strong

Relationship

Drugs work by blocking maladaptive compensatory responses (sympathetic, RAAS)

To

Hypokalemia

From

Digoxin

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hypokalemia significantly increases risk of digoxin toxicity; critical monitoring parameter

To

Apical Pulse Assessment

From

Digoxin

Strength

strong

Relationship

Mandatory nursing assessment before every digoxin dose; hold if below 60 bpm in adults

To

Stroke Risk

From

Atrial Fibrillation

Strength

strong

Relationship

AFib causes atrial blood stasis leading to thrombus formation and embolic stroke

To

Anticoagulation

From

Atrial Fibrillation

Strength

strong

Relationship

Anticoagulation with warfarin or DOACs is essential stroke prevention in AFib

To

Defibrillation

From

Ventricular Fibrillation

Strength

strong

Relationship

VF is a shockable cardiac arrest rhythm requiring immediate unsynchronized defibrillation

To

Synchronized Cardioversion

From

Unstable Dysrhythmia

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hemodynamically unstable dysrhythmias (except pulseless VT/VF) require synchronized cardioversion

To

Failure to Capture

From

Pacemaker

Strength

strong

Relationship

Critical pacemaker dysfunction where pacing spike is not followed by QRS complex

To

Failure to Sense

From

Pacemaker

Strength

strong

Relationship

Critical pacemaker dysfunction where device fails to recognize intrinsic cardiac beats

To

Chronic Heart Failure Management

From

Daily Weight Monitoring

Strength

strong

Relationship

Cornerstone of HF self-management; weight gain signals fluid retention requiring intervention

To

Chronic Heart Failure Management

From

Sodium Restriction

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Sodium restriction reduces fluid retention and improves response to diuretics

To

Chronic Heart Failure Management

From

Fluid Restriction

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Limits free water intake to prevent hyponatremia and fluid overload

To

RAAS Blockade

From

ACE Inhibitors

Strength

strong

Relationship

ACE-I blocks angiotensin II formation, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion

To

Sympathetic Blockade

From

Beta-Blockers

Strength

strong

Relationship

Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility, decreasing myocardial oxygen demand

To

Aldosterone Antagonism

From

Spironolactone

Strength

strong

Relationship

Aldosterone antagonist improves HF survival; causes hyperkalemia risk

To

Hypokalemia

From

Loop Diuretics

Strength

strong

Relationship

Loop diuretics increase urinary potassium loss; hypokalemia potentiates digoxin toxicity

To

Hypokalemia

From

Thiazide Diuretics

Strength

strong

Relationship

Thiazides increase urinary potassium loss; requires monitoring and possible supplementation

To

Dysrhythmia Classification

From

ECG Assessment

Strength

strong

Relationship

ECG interpretation is essential for identifying dysrhythmia type and guiding treatment

To

Dysrhythmia Treatment Decision

From

Hemodynamic Stability

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hemodynamic response (not rhythm type alone) determines urgency and type of intervention

To

Heart Failure Diagnosis

From

BNP

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Elevated BNP (over 100 pg/mL) supports HF diagnosis and correlates with severity

To

Systolic Heart Failure

From

Ejection Fraction

Strength

strong

Relationship

Reduced ejection fraction (below 40%) defines systolic HF; measured by echocardiography

To

Heart Failure Diagnosis

From

Chest X-ray

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Shows cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion patterns characteristic of HF

To

Medication Adherence

From

Patient Education

Strength

strong

Relationship

Teaching about never skipping doses and not stopping beta-blockers abruptly prevents decompensation

To

Visual Disturbances

From

Digoxin Toxicity Signs

Strength

strong

Relationship

Yellow-green halos around lights are classic, specific signs of digoxin toxicity

To

CPR and Epinephrine

From

Asystole

Strength

strong

Relationship

Asystole is non-shockable; treatment is CPR and IV epinephrine (not defibrillation)

To

Left-Sided Heart Failure

From

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

Strength

strong

Relationship

PND is characteristic of left HF; patient awakens at night with severe dyspnea

To

Left-Sided Heart Failure

From

Crackles

Strength

strong

Relationship

Fine crackles at lung bases indicate pulmonary edema from left HF

To

Right-Sided Heart Failure

From

Peripheral Edema

Strength

strong

Relationship

Dependent edema (ankles, sacrum) indicates systemic venous congestion from right HF

To

Right-Sided Heart Failure

From

Jugular Venous Distention

Strength

strong

Relationship

JVD indicates elevated central venous pressure from right HF or right atrial failure

To

Right-Sided Heart Failure

From

Hepatomegaly

Strength

strong

Relationship

Liver enlargement from venous congestion; may progress to ascites

To

Irregularly Irregular Rhythm

From

Atrial Fibrillation

Strength

strong

Relationship

AFib presents as chaotic atrial activity with unpredictable ventricular response

To

Sawtooth Pattern

From

Atrial Flutter

Strength

strong

Relationship

AFL shows characteristic sawtooth or picket-fence pattern of flutter waves on ECG

To

Wide QRS Complex

From

Ventricular Tachycardia

Strength

strong

Relationship

VT shows wide QRS (greater than 120 ms) indicating ventricular origin

To

Acute Pulmonary Edema

From

Pink Frothy Sputum

Strength

strong

Relationship

Pink frothy sputum is blood-tinged fluid from alveolar edema; sign of severe left HF

To

RA 9173 Standards

From

Philippine Nursing Practice Law

Strength

moderate

Relationship

RA 9173 governs scope of nursing practice; HF and dysrhythmia assessment within RN scope

To

Heart Failure Prevention

From

DOH PhilPEN Program

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Philippine health program supports hypertension and NCD control at primary care level