Midwife Licensure Exam Midwifery Pharmacology & Newborn Procedures — Midwifery Pharmacology — The Limited FormularyExam Answer Templates

Examiner tip

The word 'within one minute after birth of the baby — after ruling out a second twin' is the full safe answer. Examiners reward completeness. Even in a 1-mark question, one complete sentence with all four elements (drug-dose-route-time) is the safest approach.

Model answer

The drug of choice for AMTSL is Oxytocin 10 IU given intramuscularly (IM) within one minute after birth of the baby.

Answer structure

• State: Drug name (Oxytocin) + dose (10 IU) + route (IM) + timing (within 1 minute of birth) in one complete sentence [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Writing only 'oxytocin' without dose or route
• Writing the wrong dose (e.g., 5 IU or 20 IU)
• Writing 'IV' instead of 'IM' for routine AMTSL
• Not specifying the timing (within 1 minute)

Key phrases to include

• Oxytocin
• 10 IU
• IM
• within one minute
• after birth of baby

Examiner tip

This is a comparison question. Examiners expect you to address BOTH sides: why oxytocin is preferred AND why ergometrine is not. One side alone earns only 1 mark.

Model answer

Oxytocin is preferred over ergometrine for routine AMTSL for two main reasons: (1) Oxytocin does NOT raise blood pressure — it is safe to use even when the woman's blood pressure is unknown or elevated, making it safer for all women including those with hypertension or pre-eclampsia. (2) Ergometrine causes vasoconstriction and can dangerously increase blood pressure, so it is absolutely contraindicated in women with hypertension, pre-eclampsia, or heart disease. Because the midwife often cannot fully exclude these conditions at the community level, oxytocin is the first and preferred choice.

Answer structure

• Point 1: Oxytocin does not raise blood pressure — safe for all women including hypertensive [1 mark]
• Point 2: Ergometrine causes vasoconstriction and is contraindicated in hypertension/pre-eclampsia/heart disease [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Saying only 'oxytocin is safer' without explaining the blood pressure mechanism
• Not mentioning the specific contraindication of ergometrine
• Confusing the two drugs' side effect profiles

Key phrases to include

• does not raise blood pressure
• vasoconstriction
• contraindicated in hypertension
• pre-eclampsia
• safer for all women

Examiner tip

The question asks for 'correct sequence' — order matters. Write numbered steps 1, 2, 3. Examiners will check sequence as well as content. Include the '2 hours' detail for Step 3 to show complete knowledge.

Model answer

The three components of AMTSL in correct sequence are:

1. Administration of a uterotonic — Oxytocin 10 IU IM within ONE MINUTE of the birth of the baby (after ruling out a second twin).
2. Controlled cord traction (CCT) — Apply steady downward traction on the cord while the other hand provides counter-traction (guards the uterus) suprapubically during a uterine contraction to deliver the placenta.
3. Uterine massage — Immediately after delivery of the placenta, massage the uterine fundus until it is well contracted, then continue every 15 minutes for the first 2 hours postpartum.

Answer structure

• Component 1: Oxytocin 10 IU IM within 1 minute of birth (complete with drug-dose-route-timing) [1 mark]
• Component 2: Controlled cord traction with counter-traction during contraction [1 mark]
• Component 3: Uterine massage after placental delivery, then every 15 minutes for 2 hours [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Listing the components out of order
• Missing the 'within 1 minute' timing for oxytocin
• Forgetting counter-traction in the CCT step
• Not specifying the frequency of uterine massage (every 15 min for 2 hrs)

Key phrases to include

• within one minute of birth
• controlled cord traction
• counter-traction
• uterine massage
• every 15 minutes
• 2 hours
• ruling out second twin

Examiner tip

In 5-mark case study questions, the examiner wants to see CLINICAL REASONING, not just a list. Open by identifying the problem, then list actions in priority order, and always close by stating the midwife's limits and need for referral. This structure alone earns at least 1-2 marks even if some details are incomplete.

Model answer

The mother is showing signs of Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH), which is a life-threatening emergency. PPH is the leading direct cause of maternal death in the Philippines. The midwife's priority actions are:

1. CALL FOR HELP AND ARRANGE URGENT REFERRAL — Immediately activate the referral system. Notify the physician/hospital. PPH with 600 mL blood loss is beyond the midwife's definitive management capacity. Referral is the TOP priority.
2. MASSAGE THE UTERUS — Perform continuous fundal massage to stimulate uterine contraction and reduce bleeding. A soft, boggy uterus (uterine atony) is the most common cause of PPH.
3. GIVE OXYTOCIN — Administer Oxytocin 10 IU IM (or repeated dose) as ordered/per protocol, and if IV access is available, begin oxytocin infusion (e.g., 20–40 IU in 1 litre of isotonic IV fluid) to maintain uterine tone during referral.
4. EMPTY THE BLADDER — A full bladder prevents the uterus from contracting properly. Insert catheter or encourage voiding.
5. CHECK FOR TEARS/LACERATIONS — Inspect the vagina and perineum for lacerations that may also be contributing to blood loss.
6. MAINTAIN IV ACCESS and VITAL SIGNS MONITORING — Assess blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate continuously. Position patient with legs elevated to improve circulation.
7. REASSURE AND DOCUMENT — Keep the mother calm, document all findings, vital signs, drugs given, time, and referral details on the partograph/records and FHSIS registers.

The midwife does NOT perform procedures beyond her scope (e.g., blood transfusion, bimanual compression without supervision) — she stabilizes and transfers without delay.

Answer structure

• Identify the emergency: PPH, state it is the #1 direct maternal killer [0.5 mark]
• Priority 1: Call for help and arrange urgent referral [1 mark]
• Priority 2: Uterine massage [0.5 mark]
• Priority 3: Give oxytocin (correct dose and route) [1 mark]
• Priority 4: Empty the bladder [0.5 mark]
• Priority 5: Check for lacerations/tears [0.5 mark]
• Ongoing monitoring: Vital signs, IV access, documentation [0.5 mark]
• Boundary statement: Stabilize and refer; beyond midwife scope [0.5 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Not mentioning referral — treating this as something the midwife 'manages' alone
• Missing uterine massage as the immediate physical action
• Wrong oxytocin dose or not specifying route
• Not mentioning bladder emptying
• Giving a disorganized list without any sense of priority order
• Not stating PPH as the diagnosis

Key phrases to include

• postpartum hemorrhage
• leading direct cause of maternal death
• urgent referral
• uterine massage
• oxytocin
• empty the bladder
• check for tears
• stabilize and refer
• beyond scope

Examiner tip

Examiners frequently test the TERM vs. PRETERM dose distinction for Vitamin K. If the question specifies 'term newborn,' the answer is 1 mg. If it says 'preterm' or 'birth weight less than 1.5 kg,' the answer is 0.5 mg. Always read the question carefully for this detail.

Model answer

Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) 1 mg is given intramuscularly (IM) into the anterolateral thigh (vastus lateralis) as a single dose to a term newborn (birth weight ≥ 1.5 kg). It prevents Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), also called hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.

Answer structure

• State: Drug (Vitamin K1/phytomenadione) + dose (1 mg for term) + route (IM) + site (anterolateral thigh) [1 mark]
• State: Condition it prevents — VKDB / hemorrhagic disease of the newborn [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Writing 0.5 mg for a term baby (0.5 mg is for preterm/LBW < 1.5 kg)
• Not specifying the injection site
• Writing 'oral' instead of 'IM' as the route
• Not naming VKDB — just saying 'bleeding' is insufficient

Key phrases to include

• Vitamin K1
• phytomenadione
• 1 mg
• IM
• anterolateral thigh
• vastus lateralis
• VKDB
• hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

Examiner tip

The instruction 'do NOT irrigate' is a classic exam trick — many students think cleaning the eyes afterward is hygienic, but it removes the drug. Memorize: apply, then leave it alone. Also note: erythromycin ointment, NOT drops.

Model answer

The agent used for newborn eye prophylaxis is Erythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment (alternatively tetracycline 1% ointment). A thin ribbon is applied into the lower conjunctival sac of each eye. It prevents Ophthalmia Neonatorum — a serious eye infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcal) and/or Chlamydia trachomatis passed from the mother during birth, which can lead to blindness if untreated.

Two important instructions:

1. Apply AFTER skin-to-skin contact and eye-to-eye bonding with the mother (do not rush prophylaxis before the initial bonding period — within the first hour of birth is acceptable).
2. Do NOT irrigate or wipe the eyes after application — washing removes the antibiotic before it takes effect.

Answer structure

• Name the drug: Erythromycin 0.5% ophthalmic ointment + application site (lower conjunctival sac) [1 mark]
• Name the disease prevented: Ophthalmia neonatorum (gonococcal/chlamydial conjunctivitis — can cause blindness) [1 mark]
• Two correct application instructions — after bonding; do not irrigate [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Writing 'silver nitrate' as the first-line agent (it is the historical agent, now replaced)
• Not specifying the concentration (0.5%)
• Saying 'irrigate after' which is actually the WRONG instruction
• Not specifying the application site (lower conjunctival sac)

Key phrases to include

• erythromycin 0.5%
• ophthalmic ointment
• ophthalmia neonatorum
• lower conjunctival sac
• do not irrigate
• after bonding
• gonococcal
• chlamydial

Examiner tip

Always differentiate '60 mg ELEMENTAL iron' from the full weight of the ferrous sulfate tablet. Examiners want the elemental iron figure. Also, the '3 months postpartum' continuation is frequently tested as a separate recall point.

Model answer

The DOH standard prescription is Ferrous Sulfate 60 mg elemental iron + Folic Acid 400 micrograms (0.4 mg) combined tablet, given ONCE DAILY throughout the entire pregnancy. It is continued for THREE MONTHS (3 months) postpartum. In women who are frankly anemic, the iron dose may be increased to TWICE DAILY under protocol.

Answer structure

• State: Drug combination (ferrous sulfate + folic acid) + correct doses (60 mg iron + 400 mcg folic acid) + frequency (once daily) [1 mark]
• State: Duration of postpartum continuation — 3 months postpartum [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Writing the wrong iron dose (e.g., 325 mg of ferrous sulfate salt, not elemental iron)
• Forgetting folic acid entirely
• Not mentioning the 3-month postpartum continuation
• Writing the wrong folic acid dose (e.g., 1 mg instead of 400 mcg for routine supplementation)

Key phrases to include

• ferrous sulfate
• 60 mg elemental iron
• folic acid
• 400 micrograms
• once daily
• throughout pregnancy
• 3 months postpartum

Examiner tip

The single keyword that earns the mark here is 'TERATOGENIC.' Write it clearly. Examiners are testing whether you know the specific pharmacological reason, not just that it is avoided.

Model answer

High-dose Vitamin A is contraindicated during pregnancy because it is TERATOGENIC — it can cause serious birth defects (fetal malformations) especially in the first trimester when organogenesis is occurring. Therefore, high-dose Vitamin A capsules (200,000 IU) must NEVER be given to a pregnant woman.

Postpartum, a single dose of Vitamin A 200,000 IU may be given within the first weeks after delivery (where current DOH policy allows), while the woman is no longer pregnant and the risk to the fetus is eliminated.

Answer structure

• State contraindication reason: teratogenic — causes fetal/birth defects during pregnancy [1 mark]
• State postpartum use: 200,000 IU, within first weeks postpartum, not during pregnancy [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Saying only 'it is dangerous' without using the word 'teratogenic' or explaining mechanism
• Giving the wrong postpartum dose
• Confusing Vitamin A with folic acid supplementation

Key phrases to include

• teratogenic
• birth defects
• fetal malformations
• contraindicated in pregnancy
• 200,000 IU
• postpartum
• first weeks after delivery

Examiner tip

The Td schedule is a common 3-mark question. Use a table or numbered list in your answer — it is faster to write and easier for examiners to check. The most commonly confused points are the Td2 interval (4 weeks, NOT 4 months) and the Td3 interval (6 months, NOT 6 weeks).

Model answer

The tetanus-diphtheria (Td) schedule for pregnant women is as follows:

Dose 1 (Td1): As early as possible in pregnancy / at first contact — provides NO protection yet.
Dose 2 (Td2): At least 4 weeks after Td1 — protects for approximately 3 years; protects the current pregnancy.
Dose 3 (Td3): At least 6 months after Td2 — protects for approximately 5 years.
Dose 4 (Td4): At least 1 year after Td3 — protects for approximately 10 years.
Dose 5 (Td5): At least 1 year after Td4 — provides LIFETIME protection and covers all remaining childbearing years.

Five (5) complete doses provide lifetime protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT). Each dose is 0.5 mL given IM in the deltoid muscle.

Answer structure

• Correct timing intervals for at least Td1 through Td3 [1 mark]
• Correct timing for Td4 and Td5 with protection duration for each [1 mark]
• State that 5 doses = lifetime protection; dose = 0.5 mL IM deltoid [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Confusing the intervals (e.g., writing 6 months for Td2 or 4 weeks for Td3)
• Not stating that Td1 provides NO protection yet
• Not specifying that 5 doses = lifetime
• Wrong dose or route (e.g., subcutaneous instead of IM)

Key phrases to include

• Td1
• Td2
• 4 weeks
• Td3
• 6 months
• Td4
• Td5
• 1 year
• lifetime protection
• 0.5 mL IM
• deltoid
• neonatal tetanus
• MNT

Examiner tip

This is one of the most heavily tested pharmacology topics in the MLE. Memorize the MgSO4 loading dose as a formula: '4 g IV + 10 g IM = 14 g total.' Then memorize the three safety signs as a triad: BREATHING-PEEING-REFLEX (RR, Urine, Patellar reflex). These mnemonics alone can earn 3.5 out of 5 marks.

Model answer

The patient is experiencing ECLAMPSIA (seizure with severe hypertension in pregnancy). This is a life-threatening obstetric emergency. The midwife's role is to give the MgSO4 loading dose as a FIRST-AID / PRE-REFERRAL measure, then immediately refer to a hospital.

MgSO4 LOADING REGIMEN (to be given before and during referral):

• IV ROUTE: 4 g of MgSO4 (20% solution) given slow IV over 5–20 minutes.
• IM ROUTE (simultaneously): 5 g of MgSO4 (50% solution) deep IM into each buttock — total of 10 g IM. Each IM dose is commonly mixed with 1 mL of 2% lignocaine to reduce pain at the injection site.
• TOTAL LOADING DOSE: 4 g IV + 10 g IM = 14 g total.

THREE SAFETY PARAMETERS TO CHECK BEFORE AND BETWEEN DOSES:

1. RESPIRATORY RATE — Must be ≥ 12–16 breaths per minute. If the rate is below 12/min, do NOT give MgSO4 as respiratory depression/arrest may occur.
2. URINE OUTPUT — Must be ≥ 30 mL/hour (or ≥ 100 mL per 4 hours). Inadequate urine output means MgSO4 may accumulate to toxic levels (MgSO4 is excreted renally).
3. PATELLAR (KNEE-JERK) REFLEX — Must be PRESENT. Loss of patellar reflex is the earliest sign of magnesium toxicity. If reflexes are absent, STOP MgSO4 immediately.

ANTIDOTE: If toxicity occurs — STOP MgSO4 and give Calcium Gluconate 1 g (10 mL of 10% solution) slow IV.

After giving the loading dose, the midwife arranges IMMEDIATE REFERRAL. The maintenance dose (5 g IM every 4 hours) is a physician/facility responsibility — NOT the midwife's role.

Answer structure

• Identify the emergency: Eclampsia; state this is a first-aid/pre-referral measure [0.5 mark]
• IV loading dose: 4 g MgSO4 (20%) slow IV over 5–20 minutes [1 mark]
• IM loading dose: 5 g MgSO4 (50%) each buttock (10 g total IM) + lignocaine [1 mark]
• Safety parameter 1: Respiratory rate ≥ 12–16/min [0.5 mark]
• Safety parameter 2: Urine output ≥ 30 mL/hr [0.5 mark]
• Safety parameter 3: Patellar reflex present [0.5 mark]
• Antidote: Calcium gluconate 1 g IV [0.5 mark]
• State: Immediate referral; maintenance is physician responsibility [0.5 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Wrong IV dose (e.g., writing 10 g IV instead of 4 g IV)
• Forgetting the IM component entirely
• Not stating the concentration of MgSO4 solutions (20% IV, 50% IM)
• Not knowing all three safety parameters (students commonly forget urine output)
• Naming the wrong antidote (e.g., writing 'calcium carbonate' or 'potassium chloride')
• Not stating that the maintenance dose is outside the midwife's role

Key phrases to include

• eclampsia
• 4 g IV
• 20% solution
• 5–20 minutes
• 5 g each buttock
• 50% solution
• 10 g IM total
• lignocaine
• respiratory rate ≥ 12
• urine output ≥ 30 mL/hr
• patellar reflex present
• calcium gluconate
• 1 g IV
• pre-referral
• immediate referral

Examiner tip

The key concept here is ESTROGEN SUPPRESSES LACTATION. This is the reason behind the recommendation. Always pair the recommendation with the pharmacological reasoning — that is where the second mark comes from.

Model answer

For a fully breastfeeding postpartum woman:

PREFERRED METHOD: Progestin-only pill (POP) or DMPA (Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate 150 mg IM every 3 months) — these progestin-only methods are preferred because they do NOT suppress lactation (milk production). They do not contain estrogen and are safe for the breastfeeding infant.

METHOD TO AVOID: Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) — these should NOT be used as the first choice in fully breastfeeding women because the ESTROGEN component suppresses lactation (reduces milk supply), which is harmful for both maternal breastfeeding success and infant nutrition.

In summary: Progestin-only = safe for breastfeeding. COCs with estrogen = avoid because they reduce milk supply.

Answer structure

• Preferred method: POP or DMPA (progestin-only) with reason — does not suppress lactation [1 mark]
• Method to avoid: COCs with reason — estrogen suppresses lactation/reduces milk supply [1 mark]
• Additional detail: DMPA dose — 150 mg IM every 3 months OR POP is breastfeeding-safe [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Not giving a reason for either the preferred or avoided method
• Confusing POPs with COCs
• Not knowing DMPA dose (150 mg IM every 3 months)
• Saying all contraceptives are unsafe for breastfeeding (incorrect — only estrogen-containing ones)

Key phrases to include

• progestin-only
• DMPA
• 150 mg IM
• every 3 months
• POP
• does not suppress lactation
• combined oral contraceptives
• COC
• estrogen suppresses lactation
• breastfeeding

Examiner tip

This question tests SCOPE OF PRACTICE, not just drug knowledge. The key phrase is 'physician act' — use it. The contrast between 'oxytocin for THIRD STAGE = allowed' versus 'oxytocin for INDUCTION = not allowed' is a classic MLE exam distinction.

Model answer

A midwife is NOT authorized to use Oxytocin (or any uterotonic) for labor induction or augmentation.

Reason: Using oxytocin to induce or speed up labor before the baby is born is a PHYSICIAN ACT only. Inappropriate or unmonitored use of oxytocin for induction can cause uterine hyperstimulation, uterine rupture, and fetal distress or death. The midwife's authorized use of oxytocin is STRICTLY LIMITED to the THIRD STAGE of labor (after birth of the baby) for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.

Answer structure

• Name the drug: Oxytocin (or any uterotonic) — correctly identified as prohibited for induction/augmentation [1 mark]
• State reason: Risk of uterine rupture/fetal death; induction is a physician act; midwife's oxytocin use is limited to third stage only [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Not naming a specific drug
• Saying only 'it is dangerous' without any pharmacological or scope-of-practice reasoning
• Confusing induction (before birth) with AMTSL (after birth)

Key phrases to include

• oxytocin
• labor induction
• augmentation
• physician act
• uterine rupture
• fetal distress
• third stage only
• not authorized

Examiner tip

For a 1-mark question asking for a LIST, you need ALL items. Write them in a compact numbered list to save time. Memorize the 7 rights as a group — they appear as 1-mark recall questions frequently.

Model answer

The seven rights of medication administration are: (1) Right Patient, (2) Right Drug, (3) Right Dose, (4) Right Route, (5) Right Time, (6) Right Documentation, and (7) Right to Refuse / checking for Allergies and Expiry.

Answer structure

• List all 7 rights correctly in one answer [1 mark — all 7 needed for full mark; partial credit may apply if 5–6 are listed in some formats]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Listing only 5 or 6 rights
• Confusing or repeating rights (e.g., listing 'right patient' twice)
• Not mentioning documentation as one of the rights

Key phrases to include

• right patient
• right drug
• right dose
• right route
• right time
• right documentation
• allergy
• expiry

Examiner tip

A very popular 'differentiation' question in the MLE. The weight cutoff is 1.5 kg — this is the dividing line between term and preterm dosing for Vitamin K. Make it very clear in your answer by using a comparative table or two labeled bullets.

Model answer

TERM newborn (birth weight ≥ 1.5 kg): Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) 1 mg IM — single dose.
PRETERM / LBW newborn (birth weight < 1.5 kg): Vitamin K1 (phytomenadione) 0.5 mg IM — single dose.

Injection site for BOTH: Anterolateral thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) — this is the preferred IM injection site for newborns because the deltoid is too small at birth.

Answer structure

• Correct dose for term (1 mg IM) vs. preterm (0.5 mg IM) clearly differentiated [1 mark]
• Correct injection site identified: anterolateral thigh / vastus lateralis, with brief reasoning [1 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Reversing the doses (giving 0.5 mg for term and 1 mg for preterm)
• Writing 'deltoid' as the injection site for newborns
• Not stating the weight cutoff (1.5 kg) for the two categories

Key phrases to include

• 1 mg
• term
• 0.5 mg
• preterm
• LBW
• less than 1.5 kg
• anterolateral thigh
• vastus lateralis
• IM

Examiner tip

In toxicity questions, the two non-negotiable answers are ALWAYS: (1) STOP the drug, and (2) give the ANTIDOTE. In the MLE, if you write only the antidote without first saying 'stop MgSO4,' you risk losing the sequencing mark. Always state STOP first.

Model answer

The clinical picture shows signs of MAGNESIUM SULFATE (MgSO4) TOXICITY. Both findings — absent patellar reflex (earliest sign of toxicity) and respiratory rate of 10/min (below the safe threshold of ≥ 12/min) — confirm toxicity.

Immediate actions:

1. STOP MgSO4 IMMEDIATELY — Do not give any further doses of magnesium sulfate.
2. ADMINISTER THE ANTIDOTE: Calcium Gluconate 1 g (10 mL of a 10% solution) given SLOW IV push — this is the specific antidote to magnesium toxicity. It directly counteracts the effect of magnesium on the neuromuscular system.
3. MONITOR AND SUPPORT: Monitor respiratory rate, maintain airway, give oxygen if available, and monitor consciousness level.
4. CONTINUE REFERRAL — Arrange or continue urgent referral to a hospital. MgSO4 toxicity with respiratory depression is a critical emergency requiring physician management.

Key points: The three safety parameters are RR ≥ 12/min, urine output ≥ 30 mL/hr, and patellar reflex present. When ANY ONE of these is absent or below threshold, STOP MgSO4 immediately.

Answer structure

• Identify the problem: MgSO4 toxicity, identify the two signs (absent reflex + RR < 12) [0.5 mark]
• Action 1: STOP MgSO4 immediately [1 mark]
• Action 2: Give antidote — Calcium Gluconate 1 g (10 mL of 10%) slow IV [1 mark]
• Action 3: Monitor, support, and continue referral [0.5 mark]

Scoring breakdown

Common mark deductions

• Not stopping MgSO4 first — instead jumping straight to the antidote only
• Naming the wrong antidote (e.g., 'calcium carbonate' or 'calcium chloride')
• Not specifying concentration (10%) or dose (1 g / 10 mL) of calcium gluconate
• Not mentioning continued referral

Key phrases to include

• MgSO4 toxicity
• stop immediately
• calcium gluconate
• 1 g
• 10 mL
• 10% solution
• slow IV
• absent patellar reflex
• RR less than 12
• antidote

Do

• Write one complete, specific sentence that contains ALL the required elements
• Include dose, route, and timing for any drug-identification question
• Use correct medical terminology (e.g., 'IM' not 'injection', 'phytomenadione' not just 'Vitamin K')
• For list questions, number the items for clarity even in 1-mark questions

Don't

• Do not write background information, definitions, or introductions
• Do not write vague answers like 'give a drug' without specifying which drug
• Do not waste time repeating the question in your answer
• Do not leave out the dose or route for pharmacology recall questions

Do

• Label your two points clearly (e.g., '1.' and '2.' or 'Drug X:' vs. 'Drug Y:')
• Include the pharmacological reason behind any clinical recommendation
• For contraindication questions, name both the drug AND the specific condition
• Check that BOTH points are complete — one strong point and one weak point = 1 mark, not 2

Don't

• Do not write one long, undivided paragraph — make the two points visually distinct
• Do not answer only one side of a comparison question
• Do not use vague language like 'it is harmful' — say WHY it is harmful
• Do not exceed 5–6 lines — brevity is valued at this mark level

Do

• Use numbered lists for multi-step or multi-part questions
• Include specific values (doses, intervals, thresholds) — these are the mark-earning details
• For schedule questions, use a brief table format if possible
• Double-check that you have addressed ALL parts of the question (some 3-mark questions have 3 sub-parts)

Don't

• Do not write an essay-style paragraph without clear enumeration
• Do not repeat the same point in different words to appear comprehensive
• Do not omit numerical specifics — 'some months later' is not acceptable; '6 months after Td2' is
• Do not confuse the three parts of a question — read carefully before writing

Do

• Open with a one-line clinical assessment (identify what is happening)
• Use numbered priority actions — examiners scan for these
• Include at least one complete drug regimen with dose, route, and timing
• State the midwife's scope limitation and referral at the end of every emergency case
• Mention documentation in any clinical scenario answer
• Use medical terms precisely throughout

Don't

• Do not write a narrative story — use structured, action-oriented points
• Do not treat the midwife as the definitive manager of emergencies — always include referral
• Do not forget monitoring parameters after any drug administration
• Do not pad the answer with irrelevant background information to fill space
• Do not leave out the antidote or reversal agent for questions on drug toxicity