UPCAT Chemistry — Stoichiometry & Chemical ReactionsSlides
If you commute to a UPCAT review centre (or watch Super Tutor on the jeepney), these Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions slides are designed for exactly that. Each slide holds one idea, one visual cue, and one UP-style question pattern — ready for quick bursts of review between stops.
Exam context
For the University of the Philippines College Admission Test, University of the Philippines tests Chemistry under a "Core" label, with Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions in the 4th slot across 7 chapters. UPCAT candidates must clear the UPG ≤ 2.2 typical cut on the 2026 paper, which draws about 20 Chemistry questions. Date to watch: Mid-2026 (announced by UP Admissions).
Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions - Slides
This chapter explores the quantitative relationships in chemical reactions and the different types of chemical transformations. Students will learn how to calculate amounts of reactants and products, understand reaction types, and apply stoichiometric principles to solve real-world problems. These concepts are fundamental to understanding chemistry and are commonly tested in UPCAT and other college entrance exams.
Slides
Introduction to Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a process where atoms of reactants are rearranged to form new products. Understanding the basic components of a chemical equation is essential for studying stoichiometry.
Notes
Emphasize that atoms are neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged
Topic
Chemical Reaction Basics
Slide Id
S1
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
1
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart LR A[Reactants] --> B[fa:fa-flask Chemical Reaction] B --> C[Products] D[H₂ + O₂] --> E[fa:fa-fire Combustion] E --> F[H₂O]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Flowchart showing the general process of chemical reactions with a specific example
Types of Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions can be classified into six main types based on the pattern of reactants and products. Each type follows a predictable pattern that helps identify reaction mechanisms.
Notes
Practice identifying reaction types using the given patterns
Topic
Reaction Classification
Slide Id
S2
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
2
Mermaid Diagram
Code
mindmap root((Chemical Reactions)) Synthesis A + B → AB Formation Decomposition AB → A + B Breaking Apart Single Replacement AB + X → AX + B One Element Swaps Double Displacement AB + XY → AY + XB Two Compounds Exchange Combustion Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O Burning with Oxygen Acid-Base Acid + Base → Salt + Water Neutralization
Type
mermaid_mindmap
Description
Mind map showing the six main types of chemical reactions with their general patterns
Law of Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass is fundamental to chemistry and stoichiometry. It ensures that all atoms present in reactants appear in products, just in different arrangements.
Notes
This law is the foundation for balancing chemical equations
Topic
Conservation Laws
Slide Id
S3
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
3
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Reactants: 4g H₂ + 32g O₂] --> B[fa:fa-balance-scale Conservation of Mass] B --> C[Products: 36g H₂O] D[Total Mass: 36g] --> B B --> E[Total Mass: 36g] F[No atoms lost] --> B B --> G[No atoms created]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Flowchart illustrating how mass is conserved during chemical reactions
Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing chemical equations ensures that the law of conservation of mass is satisfied. Use systematic steps to achieve balance without changing the chemical formulas.
Notes
Practice with simple equations before moving to complex ones
Topic
Equation Balancing
Slide Id
S4
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
4
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Unbalanced Equation] --> B[Count atoms on each side] B --> C{Atoms balanced?} C -->|No| D[Add coefficients] D --> E[Recount atoms] E --> C C -->|Yes| F[fa:fa-check Balanced Equation] G[Fe + O₂ → Fe₂O₃] --> H[4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Step-by-step process for balancing chemical equations
Introduction to the Mole
The mole concept is central to stoichiometry. It provides a bridge between the microscopic world of atoms and the macroscopic world we can measure.
Notes
Avogadro's number is one of the most important constants in chemistry
Topic
Mole Concept
Slide Id
S5
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
5
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart LR A[1 mole] --> B[fa:fa-calculator 6.022 × 10²³] B --> C[Particles] D[Atoms] --> C E[Molecules] --> C F[Ions] --> C G[Formula Units] --> C
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Visual representation of what one mole represents in terms of particle count
Molar Mass Calculations
Molar mass allows us to convert between mass in grams and number of moles, making quantitative calculations possible in chemistry.
Notes
Always use atomic masses from the periodic table for accurate calculations
Topic
Molar Mass
Slide Id
S6
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
6
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Chemical Formula] --> B[Identify Elements] B --> C[Count Atoms of Each Element] C --> D[Find Atomic Mass from Periodic Table] D --> E[Multiply: Atoms × Atomic Mass] E --> F[Sum All Values] F --> G[fa:fa-calculator Molar Mass g/mol]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Step-by-step process for calculating molar mass of compounds
Mass-Mole Conversions
Converting between mass and moles is essential for stoichiometric calculations. The molar mass serves as the bridge between these two quantities.
Notes
Practice with different compounds to master these conversions
Topic
Mole Conversions
Slide Id
S7
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
7
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart LR A[Mass in grams] -->|÷ molar mass| B[Moles] B -->|× molar mass| A B -->|× 6.022×10²³| C[Number of Particles] C -->|÷ 6.022×10²³| B
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Conversion relationships between mass, moles, and number of particles
Percent Composition
Percent composition helps identify compounds and determine their purity. It's calculated using the mass contribution of each element relative to the total mass.
Notes
Percent composition is useful in analytical chemistry and quality control
Topic
Percent Composition
Slide Id
S8
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
8
Mermaid Diagram
Code
pie title Percent Composition of H₂O "Hydrogen" : 11.1 "Oxygen" : 88.9
Type
mermaid_pie
Description
Pie chart showing the percent composition of water by mass
Introduction to Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry allows chemists to calculate exactly how much of each substance is needed or produced in a reaction. This is crucial for efficiency and safety in chemical processes.
Notes
Stoichiometry is like a recipe - it tells you exact proportions needed
Topic
Stoichiometry Introduction
Slide Id
S9
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
9
Mermaid Diagram
Code
mindmap root((Stoichiometry)) Balanced Equations Mole Ratios Coefficients Mass Calculations Reactants Products Industrial Applications Chemical Production Quality Control Laboratory Work Synthesis Analysis
Type
mermaid_mindmap
Description
Mind map showing the key aspects and applications of stoichiometry
Mole-to-Mole Calculations
Mole-to-mole calculations are the foundation of stoichiometry. The coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the exact molar relationships between substances.
Notes
Always use the balanced equation to determine correct mole ratios
Topic
Mole-Mole Stoichiometry
Slide Id
S10
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
10
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart LR A[Given: Moles of Known] --> B[Mole Ratio from Equation] B --> C[fa:fa-calculator Calculate] C --> D[Moles of Unknown] E[2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O] --> F[Ratio: 2mol H₂O : 2mol H₂] G[4 mol H₂] --> H[4 mol H₂O]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Process for mole-to-mole stoichiometric calculations
Mass-to-Mass Calculations
Mass-to-mass calculations are common in real laboratory situations where we measure masses of substances rather than counting moles directly.
Notes
This is the most practical type of stoichiometric calculation in labs
Topic
Mass-Mass Stoichiometry
Slide Id
S11
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
11
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Mass of Known g] -->|÷ molar mass| B[Moles of Known] B -->|× mole ratio| C[Moles of Unknown] C -->|× molar mass| D[fa:fa-check Mass of Unknown g] E[Example: 8g H₂] --> F[4 mol H₂] F --> G[4 mol H₂O] G --> H[72g H₂O]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Three-step process for mass-to-mass stoichiometric calculations
Limiting Reactants
In most reactions, reactants are not present in exact stoichiometric ratios. The limiting reactant determines how much product can be formed, just like ingredients in a recipe.
Notes
Always identify the limiting reactant before calculating product amounts
Topic
Limiting Reactants
Slide Id
S12
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
12
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Given amounts of all reactants] --> B[Calculate moles of each reactant] B --> C[Use stoichiometry to find which produces less product] C --> D[fa:fa-warning Limiting Reactant] D --> E[Maximum Product Amount] F[Excess Reactant] --> G[Some remains unreacted]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Process for identifying limiting reactants and calculating maximum product yield
Theoretical and Actual Yield
Chemical reactions in practice often produce less than the calculated maximum due to side reactions, incomplete reactions, or product loss during handling.
Notes
Percent yield is a measure of reaction efficiency
Topic
Yield Calculations
Slide Id
S13
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
13
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart LR A[Theoretical Yield] --> B[fa:fa-flask Laboratory Reaction] B --> C[Actual Yield] C --> D[fa:fa-calculator Percent Yield] E[Perfect Conditions] --> A F[Real Conditions] --> C G[Side reactions] --> C H[Product loss] --> C
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Relationship between theoretical yield, actual yield, and factors affecting percent yield
Molarity and Solution Calculations
Solution concentration calculations are important for preparing reagents and understanding reaction conditions. Molarity is the most common concentration unit in chemistry.
Notes
Always remember: molarity uses solution volume, molality uses solvent mass
Topic
Solution Concentrations
Slide Id
S14
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
14
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Solute moles] --> B[fa:fa-calculator Molarity M] C[Solution volume L] --> B D[Concentrated Solution] -->|Add water| E[Diluted Solution] F[M₁V₁] --> G[fa:fa-balance-scale Equal] H[M₂V₂] --> G
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Concepts of molarity and dilution calculations
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Empirical formulas show the basic pattern of atoms in compounds, while molecular formulas show the actual composition. Both are important for understanding chemical structure.
Notes
Empirical formulas are especially useful in organic chemistry
Topic
Chemical Formulas
Slide Id
S15
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
15
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Percent Composition] --> B[Convert to moles] B --> C[Find simplest ratio] C --> D[fa:fa-check Empirical Formula] D --> E[× multiplier] E --> F[Molecular Formula] G[Molecular Weight] --> H[Determine multiplier] H --> E
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Process for determining empirical and molecular formulas from composition data
Real-World Applications
Stoichiometry has countless practical applications across industries. Understanding these calculations is essential for chemists, engineers, and quality control specialists.
Notes
These applications show why stoichiometry is crucial in professional chemistry
Topic
Practical Applications
Slide Id
S16
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
16
Mermaid Diagram
Code
mindmap root((Stoichiometry Applications)) Pharmaceuticals Drug Synthesis Dosage Calculations Quality Control Environment Pollution Control Water Treatment Waste Management Food Industry Nutritional Analysis Preservation Fortification Manufacturing Process Control Cost Optimization Safety Standards
Type
mermaid_mindmap
Description
Real-world applications of stoichiometry across different industries
Problem-Solving Strategies
Systematic problem-solving approaches help avoid errors and build confidence in stoichiometric calculations. Following a consistent method is especially important for exam success.
Notes
Practice this systematic approach for UPCAT exam success
Topic
Problem Solving
Slide Id
S17
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
17
Mermaid Diagram
Code
flowchart TD A[Problem Statement] --> B[Write balanced equation] B --> C[Identify given and unknown] C --> D[Plan conversion path] D --> E[fa:fa-calculator Calculate step by step] E --> F[Check units cancel] F --> G{Answer reasonable?} G -->|No| H[Review calculations] H --> E G -->|Yes| I[fa:fa-check Final Answer]
Type
mermaid_flowchart
Description
Systematic approach to solving stoichiometry problems
Chapter Summary and Key Takeaways
This chapter provides the quantitative foundation for understanding chemical reactions. These concepts are essential for advanced chemistry courses and appear frequently on college entrance exams.
Notes
Review all key concepts before taking practice tests
Topic
Chapter Summary
Slide Id
S18
Visual Type
mermaid
Image Prompt
Slide Number
18
Mermaid Diagram
Code
mindmap root((Stoichiometry & Chemical Reactions)) Chemical Reactions Types Balancing Conservation Laws Mole Concept Avogadro Number Molar Mass Conversions Stoichiometry Mole Ratios Mass Calculations Limiting Reactants Solutions Molarity Dilutions Concentrations Applications Industry Environment Healthcare
Type
mermaid_mindmap
Description
Comprehensive overview of all major concepts covered in the chapter
References
- BRAINBOX UPCAT AND OTHER COLLEGE ENTRANCE - Chemistry.pdf
- CET 2026 COMPREHENSIVE LECTURE NOTES - Science.pdf
- THE UPCAT CHAMPION CET - Science.pdf
In summary
Stoichiometry and chemical reactions form the quantitative foundation of chemistry. Students now understand how to balance equations, calculate molar relationships, and solve real-world problems involving chemical processes. These skills are essential for success in advanced chemistry courses and professional applications. Regular practice with different problem types will build confidence and mastery of these fundamental concepts.
Previous chapter
Periodic Table, Bonding & Chemical Language
Next chapter
Molecular Theory — VSEPR, IMFA & KMT
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