Immunity, Hypersensitivity and Allergic Disorders - Concept Map
Immune System Response: Protection, Dysregulation, and Deficiency
Related concepts
Immunity
Sub concepts
- Innate Immunity (nonspecific, immediate)
- Adaptive Immunity (antigen-specific, memory)
- Humoral Immunity (B cells, antibodies)
- Cell-mediated Immunity (T cells)
- Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)
Relationship to central
Foundation of immune function and protection
Types of Acquired Immunity
Sub concepts
- Natural Active Immunity (infection)
- Artificial Active Immunity (vaccines)
- Natural Passive Immunity (placenta, breast milk)
- Artificial Passive Immunity (immunoglobulins, sera)
Relationship to central
Mechanisms by which the body develops protective responses
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Sub concepts
- Type I: Immediate/Anaphylactic (IgE-mediated)
- Type II: Cytotoxic (IgG/IgM-mediated)
- Type III: Immune Complex (antigen-antibody deposits)
- Type IV: Delayed/Cell-mediated (T-cell-mediated)
Relationship to central
Excessive or inappropriate immune responses causing tissue damage
Allergic Disorders
Sub concepts
- Allergic Rhinitis (hay fever)
- Allergic Asthma
- Food Allergies
- Drug Allergies
- Latex Allergy
- Urticaria and Angioedema
- Assessment and Diagnostics
- Pharmacological Management
Relationship to central
Type I hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
Anaphylaxis
Sub concepts
- Pathophysiology (mast cell degranulation)
- Clinical Manifestations (airway, breathing, circulation)
- Priority Nursing Management
- Epinephrine Administration (dose, route, timing)
- Airway Management and Oxygen Therapy
- Adjunctive Medications
- Biphasic Reaction Awareness
- Patient Education and Prevention
Relationship to central
Life-threatening medical emergency requiring immediate intervention
Immunodeficiency
Sub concepts
- Primary Immunodeficiency (SCID, selective IgA deficiency, DiGeorge)
- Secondary Immunodeficiency (HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, malnutrition)
- Clinical Manifestations
- Protective Precautions and Nursing Management
- Vaccination Considerations
- Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy
Relationship to central
Deficient immune response increasing infection susceptibility
Nursing Practice in Immunologic Disorders
Sub concepts
- Allergy History and Assessment
- Patient Education and Safety
- Infection Prevention and Control
- Emergency Preparedness (anaphylaxis)
- Medication Administration
- Latex-Free Environment Implementation
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Relationship to central
Application of RA 9173 and Philippine healthcare standards
Concept connections
- ImmunityInnate ImmunityInnate immunity is the non-specific, immediate component of overall immune defense
- ImmunityAdaptive ImmunityAdaptive immunity is the antigen-specific, memory-based component of overall immune defense
- Adaptive ImmunityImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins are the antibody molecules produced by B cells in humoral adaptive immunity
- IgEType I HypersensitivityIgE antibodies directly mediate all Type I immediate and anaphylactic reactions
- Type I HypersensitivityAllergic DisordersAllergic disorders are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity to environmental allergens
- Allergic DisordersAnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis is the most severe, life-threatening form of allergic reaction requiring emergency intervention
- Type II HypersensitivityAutoimmune Hemolytic AnemiaAutoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs through Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity against red blood cell antigens
- Type III HypersensitivitySystemic Lupus ErythematosusSLE is caused by immune complex deposition in tissues, a Type III hypersensitivity mechanism
- Type IV HypersensitivityContact DermatitisContact dermatitis is a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells
- Latex AllergyType I HypersensitivityLatex allergy can present as Type I immediate IgE-mediated reaction progressing to anaphylaxis
- Latex AllergyType IV HypersensitivityLatex allergy can present as Type IV delayed contact dermatitis from latex chemicals
- Latex AllergyLatex-Fruit Cross-ReactivityIndividuals with latex allergy often have IgE cross-reactivity to tropical fruits with similar antigens
- EpinephrineAnaphylaxis ManagementEpinephrine is the first-line, life-saving drug for anaphylaxis, given IM at 0.3-0.5 mg (1:1000) in anterolateral thigh
- AntihistaminesAnaphylaxis ManagementAntihistamines are adjunctive medications in anaphylaxis but are never first-line therapy
- CorticosteroidsAnaphylaxis ManagementCorticosteroids are adjunctive medications to prevent biphasic reactions but do not replace epinephrine
- Primary ImmunodeficiencySevere Combined ImmunodeficiencySCID is the classic primary immunodeficiency affecting both B and T lymphocyte function
- Secondary ImmunodeficiencyHIV AIDSHIV/AIDS is the most common and important secondary immunodeficiency affecting CD4 T cells
- ImmunodeficiencyInfection RiskImmunodeficiency directly increases susceptibility to opportunistic and conventional infections
- Protective PrecautionsImmunodeficiency Nursing CareNeutropenic and protective precautions are essential nursing interventions for immunodeficient patients
- Natural Active ImmunityMemory ResponseNatural active immunity develops lifelong immunologic memory after infection exposure
- Artificial Active ImmunityMemory ResponseArtificial active immunity through vaccination also develops immunologic memory responses
- Passive ImmunityTemporary ProtectionPassive immunity provides immediate but temporary protection without developing immune memory
- Nursing AssessmentAllergy HistoryComprehensive allergy history taking is essential for safe medication administration per RA 9173
- Latex-Free EnvironmentLatex Allergy PreventionImplementation of latex-free environments and first-case-of-day scheduling prevents latex exposure reactions
- Anaphylaxis RecognitionEmergency Nursing ActionEarly recognition of anaphylaxis manifestations enables immediate epinephrine administration
- Biphasic ReactionPost-Anaphylaxis MonitoringAwareness of biphasic reactions occurring hours after apparent recovery requires continuous monitoring
- IgGPassive Immunity to NewbornIgG crosses the placenta providing natural passive immunity and protection to the fetus and newborn
- IgABreast Milk ProtectionIgA in breast milk protects mucosal surfaces of the infant and supports natural passive immunity
- IgMAcute Infection MarkerPositive IgM indicates active or recent infection and is the first antibody in primary immune response
- Airway ObstructionAnaphylaxis MortalityLaryngeal edema from anaphylaxis is the leading cause of death requiring immediate airway management
Diagrams
Immunity, Hypersensitivity and Allergic Disorders - Complete Concept Map
Comprehensive mind map showing all major concepts in immunity, hypersensitivity, and allergic disorders, organized hierarchically from basic immunity concepts through hypersensitivity types, allergic manifestations, anaphylaxis emergency management, latex allergy, immunodeficiency, and nursing practice applications aligned with Philippine nursing standards.
Gell and Coombs Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Visual classification of the four hypersensitivity reactions (ACID mnemonic) showing onset time, mediating antibodies or cells, target tissues, mechanisms, and clinical examples. Essential for NLE exam preparation and clinical differentiation.
Emergency Management of Anaphylaxis - Priority Intervention Flowchart
Step-by-step emergency management protocol for anaphylaxis emphasizing the critical priority of immediate IM epinephrine administration in the anterolateral thigh. Includes assessment findings, drug dosing, airway management, and post-emergency monitoring for biphasic reactions—high-yield NLE content.
Acquired Immunity Types: Active vs. Passive, Natural vs. Artificial
Comparison of four types of acquired immunity showing the critical distinction between active (body-made, slow-onset, long-lasting, with memory) and passive (ready-made, immediate, temporary, no memory) immunity, further subdivided by natural versus artificial acquisition. Essential for NLE vaccine and immunization questions.
Immunoglobulin Functions and Clinical Significance
Comprehensive overview of the five immunoglobulin classes, their primary functions, locations, clinical significance, and memory aids for NLE exam preparation. Emphasizes IgE in allergic reactions, IgM in acute infection, IgG in passive immunity and memory responses, and IgA in mucosal protection.
Latex Allergy: Assessment, Risk Groups, and Nursing Management
Comprehensive assessment, classification, and management guide for latex allergy in Philippine healthcare settings. Covers both Type I immediate and Type IV delayed presentations, identifies high-risk groups (healthcare workers, spina bifida patients), explains latex-fruit cross-reactivity, and outlines essential nursing interventions including latex-free environment creation and first-case-of-day scheduling.
Immune System State Transitions: Normal Response vs. Hypersensitivity vs. Deficiency
State diagram illustrating the three possible outcomes of immune system function: (1) normal protective response with memory enhancement, (2) hypersensitivity reactions across all four types with potential progression to anaphylaxis, and (3) immunodeficiency with increased infection risk requiring protective precautions. Shows clinical transitions and intervention points.
Distribution of Immunoglobulin Types in Body Fluids and Tissues
Pie chart showing the approximate percentage distribution of immunoglobulin classes in body fluids and serum. IgG dominates at 70%, IgA in secretions accounts for 15%, IgM for 10%, while IgE and IgD together comprise less than 1%. Visual representation helps students understand why IgG is tested most frequently and why IgA is protective of mucosal surfaces.