NLE Immune System & Immunologic Disorders — Immunity, Hypersensitivity and Allergic DisordersConcept Map

Concept

Immunity

Sub Concepts

• Innate Immunity (nonspecific, immediate)
• Adaptive Immunity (antigen-specific, memory)
• Humoral Immunity (B cells, antibodies)
• Cell-mediated Immunity (T cells)
• Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD)

Relationship To Central

Foundation of immune function and protection

Concept

Types of Acquired Immunity

Sub Concepts

• Natural Active Immunity (infection)
• Artificial Active Immunity (vaccines)
• Natural Passive Immunity (placenta, breast milk)
• Artificial Passive Immunity (immunoglobulins, sera)

Relationship To Central

Mechanisms by which the body develops protective responses

Concept

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Sub Concepts

• Type I: Immediate/Anaphylactic (IgE-mediated)
• Type II: Cytotoxic (IgG/IgM-mediated)
• Type III: Immune Complex (antigen-antibody deposits)
• Type IV: Delayed/Cell-mediated (T-cell-mediated)

Relationship To Central

Excessive or inappropriate immune responses causing tissue damage

Concept

Allergic Disorders

Sub Concepts

• Allergic Rhinitis (hay fever)
• Allergic Asthma
• Food Allergies
• Drug Allergies
• Latex Allergy
• Urticaria and Angioedema
• Assessment and Diagnostics
• Pharmacological Management

Relationship To Central

Type I hypersensitivity to environmental antigens

Concept

Anaphylaxis

Sub Concepts

• Pathophysiology (mast cell degranulation)
• Clinical Manifestations (airway, breathing, circulation)
• Priority Nursing Management
• Epinephrine Administration (dose, route, timing)
• Airway Management and Oxygen Therapy
• Adjunctive Medications
• Biphasic Reaction Awareness
• Patient Education and Prevention

Relationship To Central

Life-threatening medical emergency requiring immediate intervention

Concept

Immunodeficiency

Sub Concepts

• Primary Immunodeficiency (SCID, selective IgA deficiency, DiGeorge)
• Secondary Immunodeficiency (HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, malnutrition)
• Clinical Manifestations
• Protective Precautions and Nursing Management
• Vaccination Considerations
• Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy

Relationship To Central

Deficient immune response increasing infection susceptibility

Concept

Nursing Practice in Immunologic Disorders

Sub Concepts

• Allergy History and Assessment
• Patient Education and Safety
• Infection Prevention and Control
• Emergency Preparedness (anaphylaxis)
• Medication Administration
• Latex-Free Environment Implementation
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Relationship To Central

Application of RA 9173 and Philippine healthcare standards

To

Innate Immunity

From

Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Innate immunity is the non-specific, immediate component of overall immune defense

To

Adaptive Immunity

From

Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Adaptive immunity is the antigen-specific, memory-based component of overall immune defense

To

Immunoglobulins

From

Adaptive Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Immunoglobulins are the antibody molecules produced by B cells in humoral adaptive immunity

To

Type I Hypersensitivity

From

IgE

Strength

strong

Relationship

IgE antibodies directly mediate all Type I immediate and anaphylactic reactions

To

Allergic Disorders

From

Type I Hypersensitivity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Allergic disorders are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity to environmental allergens

To

Anaphylaxis

From

Allergic Disorders

Strength

strong

Relationship

Anaphylaxis is the most severe, life-threatening form of allergic reaction requiring emergency intervention

To

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

From

Type II Hypersensitivity

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurs through Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity against red blood cell antigens

To

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

From

Type III Hypersensitivity

Strength

moderate

Relationship

SLE is caused by immune complex deposition in tissues, a Type III hypersensitivity mechanism

To

Contact Dermatitis

From

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Contact dermatitis is a Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells

To

Type I Hypersensitivity

From

Latex Allergy

Strength

strong

Relationship

Latex allergy can present as Type I immediate IgE-mediated reaction progressing to anaphylaxis

To

Type IV Hypersensitivity

From

Latex Allergy

Strength

strong

Relationship

Latex allergy can present as Type IV delayed contact dermatitis from latex chemicals

To

Latex-Fruit Cross-Reactivity

From

Latex Allergy

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Individuals with latex allergy often have IgE cross-reactivity to tropical fruits with similar antigens

To

Anaphylaxis Management

From

Epinephrine

Strength

strong

Relationship

Epinephrine is the first-line, life-saving drug for anaphylaxis, given IM at 0.3-0.5 mg (1:1000) in anterolateral thigh

To

Anaphylaxis Management

From

Antihistamines

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Antihistamines are adjunctive medications in anaphylaxis but are never first-line therapy

To

Anaphylaxis Management

From

Corticosteroids

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Corticosteroids are adjunctive medications to prevent biphasic reactions but do not replace epinephrine

To

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

From

Primary Immunodeficiency

Strength

strong

Relationship

SCID is the classic primary immunodeficiency affecting both B and T lymphocyte function

To

HIV AIDS

From

Secondary Immunodeficiency

Strength

strong

Relationship

HIV/AIDS is the most common and important secondary immunodeficiency affecting CD4 T cells

To

Infection Risk

From

Immunodeficiency

Strength

strong

Relationship

Immunodeficiency directly increases susceptibility to opportunistic and conventional infections

To

Immunodeficiency Nursing Care

From

Protective Precautions

Strength

strong

Relationship

Neutropenic and protective precautions are essential nursing interventions for immunodeficient patients

To

Memory Response

From

Natural Active Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Natural active immunity develops lifelong immunologic memory after infection exposure

To

Memory Response

From

Artificial Active Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Artificial active immunity through vaccination also develops immunologic memory responses

To

Temporary Protection

From

Passive Immunity

Strength

strong

Relationship

Passive immunity provides immediate but temporary protection without developing immune memory

To

Allergy History

From

Nursing Assessment

Strength

strong

Relationship

Comprehensive allergy history taking is essential for safe medication administration per RA 9173

To

Latex Allergy Prevention

From

Latex-Free Environment

Strength

strong

Relationship

Implementation of latex-free environments and first-case-of-day scheduling prevents latex exposure reactions

To

Emergency Nursing Action

From

Anaphylaxis Recognition

Strength

strong

Relationship

Early recognition of anaphylaxis manifestations enables immediate epinephrine administration

To

Post-Anaphylaxis Monitoring

From

Biphasic Reaction

Strength

strong

Relationship

Awareness of biphasic reactions occurring hours after apparent recovery requires continuous monitoring

To

Passive Immunity to Newborn

From

IgG

Strength

strong

Relationship

IgG crosses the placenta providing natural passive immunity and protection to the fetus and newborn

To

Breast Milk Protection

From

IgA

Strength

strong

Relationship

IgA in breast milk protects mucosal surfaces of the infant and supports natural passive immunity

To

Acute Infection Marker

From

IgM

Strength

strong

Relationship

Positive IgM indicates active or recent infection and is the first antibody in primary immune response

To

Anaphylaxis Mortality

From

Airway Obstruction

Strength

strong

Relationship

Laryngeal edema from anaphylaxis is the leading cause of death requiring immediate airway management