Basic Oxygenation, Elimination & Nutrition - Concept Map
Fundamental Physiologic Needs (Maslow's First Tier) Essential for Patient Recovery and Survival
Related concepts
Oxygenation
Sub concepts
- Oxygen delivery devices (nasal cannula, face masks, Venturi)
- Signs of hypoxia (early vs. late)
- SpO₂ assessment and monitoring
- Airway clearance techniques
- Patient positioning for breathing ease
- Safety precautions with oxygen therapy
Relationship to central
Core physiologic need requiring patent airway, effective breathing, and intact circulation for tissue oxygen delivery
Bowel Elimination
Sub concepts
- Constipation management
- Diarrhea assessment and intervention
- Enema administration techniques
- Ostomy care and assessment
- Factors affecting bowel patterns
Relationship to central
Normal elimination pattern maintenance prevents complications like impaction and dehydration
Urinary Elimination
Sub concepts
- Normal urine output parameters (30 mL/hr minimum)
- Urinary catheterization technique and care
- CAUTI prevention strategies
- Promoting normal voiding
- Bladder training and Kegel exercises
Relationship to central
Urine output monitoring reflects renal perfusion and fluid-electrolyte balance
Nutrition
Sub concepts
- Macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
- Micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
- Nutritional assessment
- Therapeutic diets
- Protein and vitamin C for wound healing
Relationship to central
Macronutrients and micronutrients support tissue healing, immune function, and energy metabolism
Enteral Tube Feeding
Sub concepts
- Tube placement verification (pH, tube length, X-ray)
- Aspiration prevention (HOB elevation)
- Residual volume monitoring
- Feeding administration safety
- Medication administration via tube
Relationship to central
Alternative nutrition route when patient cannot eat but has functioning GI tract
Fluid Intake and Output (I&O)
Sub concepts
- Daily weight as fluid-status indicator
- Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) signs
- Fluid volume overload signs
- I&O calculation and documentation
- Electrolyte balance monitoring
Relationship to central
Accurate I&O monitoring detects fluid imbalance and maintains homeostasis
Wound Care and Healing
Sub concepts
- Phases of wound healing
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary intention
- Wound assessment parameters
- Aseptic dressing change technique
- Infection and complication prevention
- Dehiscence and evisceration management
Relationship to central
Proper wound assessment and management supports healing and prevents complications
Concept connections
- OxygenationPatient PositioningHigh-Fowler's and orthopneic positioning optimize lung expansion for dyspneic patients
- OxygenationSpO2 AssessmentSpO₂ monitoring is the primary assessment tool; <90% indicates hypoxemia requiring intervention
- OxygenationAirway ClearancePatent airway is prerequisite for effective oxygenation; clearing secretions maintains airway patency
- Bowel EliminationFluid IntakeAdequate hydration prevents constipation; dehydration increases risk of impaction
- Bowel EliminationPhysical ActivityImmobility increases constipation risk; activity promotion is primary intervention
- Urinary EliminationFluid Intake and OutputUrine output reflects hydration status and kidney perfusion; <30 mL/hr indicates inadequate perfusion
- Urinary CatheterizationCAUTI PreventionSterile technique, closed system, and early removal are key interventions to prevent catheter-associated infection
- NutritionWound HealingProtein, vitamin C, and zinc are essential micronutrients that directly support tissue repair and collagen synthesis
- Enteral Tube FeedingNutritionTube feeding provides alternative route for nutrient delivery when patient cannot eat orally
- Enteral Tube FeedingAspiration PreventionHOB elevation 30-45° during and after feeding is critical safety measure to prevent aspiration pneumonia
- Fluid Intake and OutputDaily WeightDaily weight is most accurate indicator of fluid balance; 1 kg change = 1 liter of fluid
- DehydrationBowel EliminationDehydration contributes to constipation; increased fluid intake helps maintain normal bowel patterns
- Wound CareWound Healing PhasesUnderstanding healing phases (hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, maturation) guides appropriate wound assessment and management
- Wound CareInfection PreventionAseptic technique, clean-to-dirty dressing changes, and monitoring for signs prevent infection complications
- Wound Dehiscence and EviscerationSurgical EmergencyEvisceration is surgical emergency requiring immediate surgeon notification, sterile saline dressing, and positioning
- Oxygen TherapyCOPD PatientsVenturi mask with precise FiO₂ control and target SpO₂ 88-92% prevents blunting of hypoxic respiratory drive
- Early Signs of HypoxiaRestlessnessRestlessness is earliest sign of hypoxia and should never be dismissed or attributed to anxiety alone
- Tube Placement VerificationFeeding SafetypH testing (≤5), tube length measurement, and X-ray confirmation prevent feeding into airway
- Diarrhea ManagementPhilippine DOH ProtocolORS and zinc supplementation per DOH guidelines for acute diarrhea in children
- Maslow's HierarchyOxygenation, Elimination, NutritionAll three concepts address physiologic safety needs in first tier; survival depends on meeting these needs
Diagrams
Basic Oxygenation, Elimination & Nutrition - Comprehensive Concept Map
Comprehensive mind map showing the hierarchical relationships of all core concepts in the chapter on basic oxygenation, elimination, and nutrition. This map displays how each fundamental physiologic need breaks down into specific assessment parameters, intervention strategies, and clinical considerations essential for NLE preparation.
Hypoxia Recognition and Management Algorithm
Clinical decision-making flowchart for recognizing and managing hypoxia in patients. Emphasizes early signs (restlessness as earliest indicator) versus late signs (cyanosis), SpO₂ thresholds, appropriate positioning, and oxygen device selection. Aligns with NLE critical thinking and prioritization requirements.
Nasogastric Tube Insertion and Verification Procedure
Step-by-step procedure flowchart for nasogastric tube insertion and placement verification. Includes critical safety checkpoints (cough/choke response), the NEX measurement method, pH verification, and X-ray confirmation. High-yield for NLE as tube placement verification is consistently tested.
Enteral Feeding Safety and Aspiration Prevention
Safety protocol flowchart for enteral feeding administration emphasizing aspiration prevention. Key elements include tube placement verification, residual monitoring, critical positioning (HOB 30-45 degrees during and after feeding), and recognition of aspiration signs. Essential NLE high-yield content.
Bowel Elimination Assessment and Intervention
Comprehensive assessment and intervention flowchart for bowel elimination problems. Differentiates between constipation and diarrhea, includes management priorities (fiber, fluids, activity for constipation; ORS and zinc per DOH for diarrhea), and highlights reassessment timelines. Aligns with Philippine health protocols.
Urinary Catheterization and CAUTI Prevention
Step-by-step flowchart for safe urinary catheterization and CAUTI prevention. Emphasizes sterile technique, correct insertion depth by gender, balloon inflation only after urine flows, and critical safety measures (bag below bladder, closed system, early removal). Highlights monitoring for output <30 mL/hr as indicator of inadequate renal perfusion.
Acute Wound Evisceration - Emergency Response
Critical emergency response flowchart for acute wound evisceration (protrusion of internal organs from surgical wound). Emphasizes immediate actions: notify surgeon STAT, cover with sterile saline-moistened dressing without pushing organs back, position low-Fowler's with knees flexed to prevent strain, keep NPO. Differentiates from dehiscence (edge separation without organ protrusion). High-priority NLE scenario.
Oxygen Device Selection Based on Clinical Need
Clinical decision-making flowchart for selecting appropriate oxygen delivery devices based on SpO₂ level and patient condition. Covers nasal cannula, face masks, Venturi (for COPD), and non-rebreather masks with specific flow rates and FiO₂ percentages. Emphasizes critical safety for COPD patients (target SpO₂ 88-92%, do not withhold oxygen if hypoxic).
Phases of Wound Healing Progression
State diagram showing the four phases of wound healing (hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, maturation) with timeframes, key cellular activities, and visual characteristics. Critical for NLE: understanding these phases guides assessment and identifies if healing is progressing normally or showing complications like infection or dehiscence.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Assessment
Comprehensive assessment flowchart for fluid-electrolyte balance using daily weight as primary indicator. Differentiates between fluid volume deficit (dehydration) and overload with specific clinical signs and management priorities. Emphasizes critical monitoring of urine output (minimum 30 mL/hr) as marker of renal perfusion. Key NLE concept.
Macronutrient Energy Distribution and Caloric Content
Pie chart illustrating the relative energy density of macronutrients. Carbohydrates and proteins both provide 4 kcal per gram, while fats provide 9 kcal per gram (most concentrated). This visual helps students understand why fats are considered concentrated energy sources and why maintaining adequate protein is essential for tissue repair and wound healing.