Homeostasis, Inflammation and Cellular Response - Concept Map
Body's Adaptive Response to Stress and Injury
Related concepts
Homeostasis and Stress Adaptation
Sub concepts
- Homeostasis definition and set points
- Negative and positive feedback loops
- Stress and stressor types
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - three stages
- Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS)
- Stress hormones: cortisol, aldosterone, ADH
- Sympathetic nervous system activation
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Relationship to central
Foundation of understanding how body maintains balance and responds to threats
Cellular Injury and Adaptation
Sub concepts
- Cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
- Cell death mechanisms: necrosis vs. apoptosis
- Causes of cellular injury
- Hypoxia as most common cause
- Ischemia and reperfusion injury
- Physical and chemical injury agents
- Infectious organisms causing injury
- Immune-mediated cellular injury
Relationship to central
Describes how individual cells respond to stress before inflammatory response occurs
Inflammatory Response
Sub concepts
- Inflammatory mediators: histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
- Vascular events: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
- Cellular events: migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis
- Five cardinal signs of inflammation
- Systemic manifestations of inflammation
- Acute vs. chronic inflammation
- Wound healing phases
- Factors affecting wound healing
Relationship to central
Protective nonspecific response to tissue injury and invasion
Fluid Shifts in Illness
Sub concepts
- Third-spacing definition and causes
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure
- Plasma albumin role
- Intravascular volume depletion
- Edema formation mechanisms
- Fluid reabsorption phase
- Assessment and monitoring of fluid shifts
Relationship to central
Explains abnormal fluid movement during stress and inflammation
Shock and Inadequate Perfusion
Sub concepts
- Shock definition: inadequate tissue perfusion
- Classification: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, obstructive
- Stages of shock: initial, compensatory, progressive, refractory
- Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acidosis
- Manifestations by stage
- Priority interventions: ABCs
- Type-specific management
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
Relationship to central
Critical endpoint when adaptive mechanisms fail to maintain tissue perfusion
Concept connections
- HomeostasisGeneral Adaptation SyndromeHomeostasis disruption by stressor triggers GAS response
- General Adaptation SyndromeStress HormonesGAS activates release of cortisol, aldosterone, and ADH
- Cellular InjuryInflammatory ResponseTissue injury directly triggers inflammatory cascade
- Inflammatory MediatorsCardinal Signs of InflammationChemical mediators produce the five cardinal signs
- Wound HealingInflammatory ResponseInflammatory phase is first phase of wound healing
- Stress HormonesPostoperative ComplicationsCortisol and fluid-retaining hormones cause hyperglycemia and edema post-op
- Inflammatory ResponseFluid Shifts in IllnessInflammation increases capillary permeability, causing third-spacing
- Hydrostatic PressureOncotic PressureBoth determine direction and amount of fluid shift
- Third-SpacingHypovolemic ShockThird-spacing can deplete intravascular volume and precipitate shock
- Inadequate Tissue PerfusionAnaerobic MetabolismHypoxia forces cells to switch to anaerobic pathways
- Anaerobic MetabolismMetabolic AcidosisAnaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid causing acidosis
- Compensatory Stage ShockPriority Intervention WindowBlood pressure still maintained; critical time to reverse shock
- Shock ClassificationType-Specific ManagementEach shock type requires different fluid and medication approach
- Neurogenic ShockAtypical PresentationCauses bradycardia and warm skin unlike other shock types
- Cardiogenic ShockFluid RestrictionLimited fluids needed to prevent pulmonary edema
- Cellular AdaptationsDysplasiaDysplasia is premalignant progression beyond reversible adaptation
- Factors Impairing Wound HealingNutrition RequirementsVitamin C, protein, and zinc are essential for proliferative phase
- HypoxiaCellular InjuryHypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury
- NecrosisInflammationUncontrolled cell death triggers inflammatory response
- ApoptosisInflammationProgrammed cell death does not provoke inflammation
- Restlessness and AnxietyEarly Shock SignEarliest clinical sign of inadequate cerebral perfusion in shock
- Multiple Organ Dysfunction SyndromeShock ProgressionMODS results from prolonged inadequate perfusion and oxygen delivery
- HPA AxisCortisol SecretionHPA axis directly controls cortisol release during stress
- Sympathetic Nervous SystemCatecholamine ReleaseSympathetic activation triggers epinephrine and norepinephrine release
- Vasodilation and Capillary PermeabilityEdema FormationBoth increase fluid shift from intravascular to interstitial space
Diagrams
Homeostasis, Inflammation and Cellular Response - Concept Hierarchy
Comprehensive concept map showing the hierarchical relationship of all major concepts in the chapter, organized by the body's adaptive response continuum from homeostasis through cellular stress to shock.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Progression
Flowchart illustrating the three-stage progression of General Adaptation Syndrome (Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion), showing the decision point where stressor resolution determines whether the body recovers or progresses to exhaustion and potential organ dysfunction.
Inflammatory Response Cascade and Cardinal Signs
Detailed flowchart showing how chemical mediators trigger the five cardinal signs of inflammation (Rubor, Calor, Tumor, Dolor, and Functio Laesa) and cellular events leading to healing, essential for NLE preparation.
Stages of Shock and Clinical Manifestations
Comprehensive flowchart demonstrating the progression through all four stages of shock, emphasizing the compensatory stage as the critical window for intervention, with color coding to show increasing severity and the importance of early recognition and action.
Classification of Shock and Specific Characteristics
Classification map of shock types showing specific causes and unique characteristics of each type, with special emphasis on neurogenic shock's atypical presentation (bradycardia and warm skin) and cardiogenic shock's need for fluid restriction—critical NLE distinctions.
Third-Spacing: Fluid Shift Mechanisms and Nursing Implications
Flowchart explaining the mechanisms of third-spacing through hydrostatic and oncotic pressure imbalance, highlighting the critical nursing paradox: intravascular depletion coexisting with visible edema, and the importance of anticipating the fluid reabsorption phase.
Wound Healing Phases and Factors Affecting Healing
Comprehensive flowchart outlining the three wound healing classifications and phases, emphasizing the nutrient requirements (Vitamin C, protein, zinc) for proliferative phase and identifying major factors that impair healing—essential nursing knowledge for managing post-operative and chronically ill patients.
Cellular Adaptation to Stress Response
State diagram illustrating cellular adaptation pathways when stressed, showing reversible adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia) versus irreversible changes (dysplasia), and the eventual outcomes of cell death through necrosis (inflammatory) or apoptosis (programmed).
Priority Nursing Management in Shock - ABCs and Ongoing Assessment
Step-by-step flowchart for prioritized nursing management in shock using the ABCs approach, with emphasis on the critical window during compensation stage, continuous monitoring parameters, and the critical nursing insight that restlessness and anxiety are the earliest signs of inadequate cerebral perfusion—a high-yield NLE point.