NLE Emergency & Critical Care Nursing — Trauma, Poisoning & Environmental EmergenciesConcept Map

Concept

Multiple Trauma Management

Sub Concepts

• Primary Survey (ABCDE)
• Airway with C-spine Control
• Breathing and Chest Injuries
• Circulation and Hemorrhage Control
• Disability Assessment
• Exposure and Hypothermia Prevention
• Secondary Survey
• Trauma Lethal Triad

Relationship To Central

Core emergency condition requiring immediate ABCDE assessment and prioritized intervention

Concept

Burn Management

Sub Concepts

• Burn Depth Classification
• Rule of Nines
• Airway and Inhalation Injury
• Parkland Formula Calculation
• Fluid Resuscitation
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Wound Coverage and Care

Relationship To Central

Environmental thermal injury requiring rapid assessment and fluid resuscitation

Concept

Poisoning and Overdose

Sub Concepts

• Decontamination Methods
• Activated Charcoal Use
• Specific Antidotes
• Poison-Antidote Pairings
• Enhanced Elimination

Relationship To Central

Toxic exposure requiring decontamination, specific antidote, and supportive care

Concept

Bites and Stings

Sub Concepts

• Snakebite Management
• Insect Sting Response
• Animal and Human Bites
• Anaphylaxis Recognition

Relationship To Central

Localized or systemic toxic injuries requiring wound care and antivenom/antitoxin

Concept

Heat-Related Illness

Sub Concepts

• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Stroke
• Aggressive Cooling Methods
• Temperature Monitoring

Relationship To Central

Environmental thermal emergencies differentiated by mental status and requiring temperature-specific cooling

Concept

Hypothermia

Sub Concepts

• Core Temperature Assessment
• Passive External Rewarming
• Active External Rewarming
• Active Internal Rewarming
• Prolonged Resuscitation Principle

Relationship To Central

Environmental cold exposure requiring gentle handling and staged rewarming

Concept

Near-Drowning (Submersion Injury)

Sub Concepts

• Hypoxia Management
• Rescue Breathing and CPR
• Wet Clothing Removal
• Secondary Drowning Prevention

Relationship To Central

Water-related respiratory emergency requiring immediate airway/ventilation and observation for delayed complications

To

Multiple Trauma Management

From

Primary Survey ABCDE

Strength

strong

Relationship

ABCDE is the foundational framework for all trauma assessment and guides immediate life-saving interventions

To

Circulation and Fluid Resuscitation

From

Hemorrhage Control

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hemorrhage is the leading preventable trauma death; control comes first through direct pressure and tourniquets, then fluid resuscitation follows

To

Hypothermia Prevention

From

Trauma Lethal Triad

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hypothermia is one-third of the lethal triad; preventing heat loss during trauma resuscitation is critical to breaking the self-reinforcing cycle

To

Rule of Nines

From

Burn Assessment

Strength

strong

Relationship

Rule of Nines is the method used to calculate %TBSA, which determines fluid resuscitation volume using the Parkland formula

To

Urine Output Titration

From

Parkland Formula

Strength

strong

Relationship

Parkland formula provides initial calculation, but urine output (0.5 mL/kg/hr adults) is the titration endpoint that guides ongoing fluid adjustment

To

Early Intubation

From

Inhalation Injury

Strength

strong

Relationship

Signs of inhalation injury (facial burns, singed nasal hair, soot) mandate early intubation before airway edema causes obstruction

To

High-Flow Oxygen

From

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Strength

strong

Relationship

Enclosed-space fires create CO risk; standard pulse oximetry is falsely normal in CO poisoning, so 100% oxygen is given empirically

To

Specific Antidotes

From

Supportive Care First

Strength

strong

Relationship

In poisoning, ABCDE stabilization takes priority; specific antidotes are given only after the airway and circulation are secure

To

Decontamination Timing

From

Activated Charcoal

Strength

strong

Relationship

Activated charcoal is most effective within 1 hour of ingestion; timing determines its efficacy

To

Naloxone Administration

From

Opioid Poisoning

Strength

strong

Relationship

Naloxone reverses opioid respiratory depression but has a shorter half-life than many opioids, requiring repeat dosing

To

Intact Mental Status

From

Heat Exhaustion

Strength

strong

Relationship

Intact mental status is the KEY distinguishing feature that separates heat exhaustion from heat stroke

To

Aggressive Cooling

From

Heat Stroke

Strength

strong

Relationship

Heat stroke with altered mental status and core temp >40°C is a medical emergency requiring immediate aggressive cooling; time at high temperature determines survival

To

Heat Stroke Treatment

From

Antipyretics

Strength

strong

Relationship

Antipyretics do not work in heat stroke because the problem is environmental heat load, not a raised hypothalamic set point

To

Hypothermia Management

From

Gentle Handling

Strength

strong

Relationship

The cold heart is irritable; rough movement can trigger ventricular fibrillation, so gentle handling is essential

To

Severe Hypothermia

From

Prolonged Resuscitation

Strength

strong

Relationship

The maxim 'not dead until warm and dead' applies to severe hypothermia; cold-protected patients have recovered after prolonged cardiac arrest

To

Hypoxia Priority

From

Submersion Injury

Strength

strong

Relationship

Hypoxia is the primary killer in submersion; airway and ventilation interventions take absolute priority

To

Post-Submersion Observation

From

Secondary Drowning

Strength

strong

Relationship

Delayed pulmonary edema (secondary drowning) can develop hours after apparent recovery; all submersion victims require prolonged observation

To

Venom Spread Prevention

From

Snakebite Immobilization

Strength

strong

Relationship

Keeping the limb immobilized at or below heart level and the patient calm slows venom absorption and spread to vital organs

To

Envenomation Signs

From

Antivenom Administration

Strength

strong

Relationship

Antivenom is given when clinical signs of envenomation appear (swelling, coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, systemic symptoms)

To

Arterial Tourniquet Contraindication

From

Tourniquet Use in Snakebite

Strength

moderate

Relationship

A proximal venous tourniquet may be used in some protocols, but an arterial tourniquet causes necrosis and is contraindicated

To

Anaphylaxis Risk

From

Insect Sting Response

Strength

strong

Relationship

Insect stings can trigger systemic anaphylaxis, requiring immediate IM epinephrine

To

Rabies Prophylaxis

From

Animal Bite Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

Mammal bites carry rabies risk; post-exposure prophylaxis decision depends on animal species and exposure circumstances

To

Bite and Trauma Wounds

From

Tetanus Status

Strength

strong

Relationship

All trauma and wound injuries require tetanus prophylaxis update based on immune status and wound type

To

Trauma Decompensation

From

Continuous Reassessment

Strength

strong

Relationship

Stable trauma patients can deteriorate suddenly from occult internal bleeding; frequent reassessment catches deterioration early

To

Mechanism of Injury

From

Secondary Survey

Strength

strong

Relationship

The secondary survey is guided by the mechanism of injury to identify patterns of injury and detect occult wounds

To

Submersion Hypothermia

From

Wet Clothing Removal

Strength

strong

Relationship

Wet clothing accelerates heat loss in submersion victims; removal is part of hypothermia management