NLE Disaster Nursing & Crisis Response — Disaster Nursing & Emergency PreparednessConcept Map

Concept

Disaster Definition & Classification

Sub Concepts

• Natural disasters (typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, landslides)
• Man-made disasters (industrial accidents, chemical spills, fires, transportation crashes, terrorism)
• Philippine context: Ring of Fire & typhoon belt vulnerability

Relationship To Central

Foundation: defines what constitutes a disaster and how they are categorized

Concept

Four Phases of Disaster Management

Sub Concepts

• Mitigation (prevention & reduction before disaster)
• Preparedness (planning & readiness before disaster)
• Response (during & immediately after disaster)
• Recovery (restoration & long-term rehabilitation)

Relationship To Central

Core framework: continuous cycle guiding all disaster nursing actions

Concept

Mass-Casualty Triage: START System

Sub Concepts

• Ambulation: identify and separate walking wounded
• Respirations (RPM parameter 1): assess airway & breathing rate
• Perfusion (RPM parameter 2): check radial pulse & capillary refill
• Mental status (RPM parameter 3): assess ability to follow commands
• Four colour-coded categories: RED (immediate), YELLOW (delayed), GREEN (minor), BLACK (expectant/deceased)

Relationship To Central

Critical clinical skill: determines who receives treatment first in resource-limited settings

Concept

CBRN Events & Hazardous Responses

Sub Concepts

• Chemical agents: nerve agents (atropine + pralidoxime), blister agents, choking agents
• Biological agents: pathogens & toxins requiring isolation & infection control
• Radiological events: contamination & radiation protection principles
• Nuclear events: blast, thermal, radiation injuries & potassium iodide use
• Core principle: protect responder first, decontaminate before treatment

Relationship To Central

Specialized response: requires specific decontamination & treatment protocols

Concept

Philippine Legal & Systems Framework

Sub Concepts

• RA 10121 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010)
• National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
• Incident Command System (ICS): standardized coordination structure
• DOH Health Emergency Management systems
• Barangay-level DRRM councils & community preparedness

Relationship To Central

Regulatory context: governs disaster nursing practice within Philippine healthcare

Concept

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

Sub Concepts

• Look: observe for safety & urgent needs
• Listen: provide support without pressuring to talk
• Link: connect to services, loved ones, & information
• Promotes: safety, calming, self-efficacy, connectedness, hope
• NOT formal therapy; routine debriefing not recommended

Relationship To Central

Psychosocial support: addresses mental health impacts alongside physical care

Concept

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

Sub Concepts

• Scene safety & personal protection (PPE) first
• Rapid triage using START; prioritize RED salvageable victims
• Address ABCs & major haemorrhage in RED group
• Decontamination in CBRN events (before treatment except life-threats)
• Prevent secondary disasters in shelters & evacuation centres
• Provide PFA & mental health referrals
• Document & communicate within incident command structure

Relationship To Central

Clinical practice: application of disaster nursing principles at point of care

Concept

Community & Family Preparedness

Sub Concepts

• Family disaster go-bag preparation (water, food, medications, documents)
• Family communication & meeting plans
• Evacuation route & warning system awareness
• Post-disaster health protection (water safety, hygiene, disease prevention)
• Stress reaction normalization & mental health referral

Relationship To Central

Prevention & readiness: nurse's role in educating & mobilizing communities

To

Four Phases of Disaster Management

From

Disaster Definition & Classification

Strength

strong

Relationship

Understanding disaster types and characteristics informs the design of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery strategies specific to Philippine vulnerabilities

To

Mass-Casualty Triage: START System

From

Four Phases of Disaster Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

The Response phase requires rapid triage decisions; START is the clinical tool deployed during the immediate response to allocate limited resources

To

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

From

Four Phases of Disaster Management

Strength

strong

Relationship

PFA principles are applied during Response phase and continue into Recovery; addressing psychological trauma is integral to all disaster phases

To

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

From

Mass-Casualty Triage: START System

Strength

strong

Relationship

START triage results (RED, YELLOW, GREEN, BLACK categories) directly determine the sequence and intensity of nursing interventions in a mass-casualty event

To

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

From

CBRN Events & Hazardous Responses

Strength

strong

Relationship

CBRN-specific protocols for decontamination and agent-specific treatments must be integrated into the nursing response workflow before standard triage and treatment

To

Four Phases of Disaster Management

From

Philippine Legal & Systems Framework

Strength

strong

Relationship

RA 10121 and the NDRRMC mandate that all four phases (mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery) are coordinated through Philippine legal and organizational structures

To

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

From

Philippine Legal & Systems Framework

Strength

strong

Relationship

Nursing practice during disasters must operate within the Incident Command System and DOH guidelines established by Philippine disaster risk reduction framework

To

Four Phases of Disaster Management

From

Community & Family Preparedness

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Family preparedness activities (go-bags, communication plans, evacuation awareness) are essential components of the Preparedness phase and contribute to Mitigation

To

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

From

Community & Family Preparedness

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Community-level nursing education enhances family preparedness, reducing overall morbidity and mortality, thereby reducing the number of victims requiring triage

To

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

From

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

Strength

strong

Relationship

PFA is a core nursing intervention skill applied alongside clinical triage and treatment; addresses psychological trauma and promotes survivor resilience

To

Community & Family Preparedness

From

Mass-Casualty Triage: START System

Strength

weak

Relationship

Understanding triage principles helps community members recognize the rationale for resource allocation and supports cooperation with disaster response measures

To

Philippine Legal & Systems Framework

From

CBRN Events & Hazardous Responses

Strength

moderate

Relationship

CBRN response is a specialized component of national disaster risk reduction managed through the NDRRMC and DOH under RA 10121

To

Community & Family Preparedness

From

Disaster Definition & Classification

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Knowledge of local disaster types (typhoons, earthquakes, floods in Philippines) enables nurses to educate families on specific preparedness and response strategies relevant to their region

To

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

From

Nursing Management & Priority Interventions

Strength

strong

Relationship

As nurses provide clinical care to triaged victims, they simultaneously provide PFA to reduce psychological harm and promote psychological resilience

To

Community & Family Preparedness

From

Four Phases of Disaster Management

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Each phase (especially Mitigation and Preparedness) involves public health and nursing education to build community capacity and family readiness