Philippine Health Care Delivery System & DOH Programs - Memory Anchors
Memory anchors are powerful cognitive tools that attach new, abstract information to vivid, emotionally engaging mental images, stories, or patterns. For the NLE, where a single keyword like 'RA 7160' or 'Alma-Ata' can determine whether you pass an item, having a strong memory anchor for each key concept is not just helpful — it is essential. This collection of 18 memory anchors uses mnemonics, analogies, micro-stories, visual associations, rhymes, and chunking techniques, all tailored to Filipino culture and clinical nursing context. Use them during your review sessions, read them aloud, draw them, and recall them before sleeping — your brain will do the rest.
Memory anchors
RA 7160 — Local Government Code (1991) devolved health services to LGUs
Memory aid
Imagine the DOH Secretary one day showing up at a barangay fiesta in 1991, wearing a barong and handing the barangay captain a giant wrapped gift labeled 'HEALTH SERVICES — YOUR PROBLEMA NA 'TO.' The barangay captain opens the box, looks nervous, and says 'Aba, kami na mag-aalaga nito?' The Secretary smiles and says, 'Yes — RA 7160 says so!' The LGU is now the proud (and sometimes overwhelmed) owner of the RHU and BHS. The DOH just became their consultant, not their boss.
Why it works
The dramatic 'hand-off' image burns the key idea into memory: DOH handed over service delivery to LGUs via RA 7160. The emotional surprise of the barangay captain mirrors the real historical tension of devolution, making it sticky.
Example usage
Question: Under which law were basic health services transferred to LGUs? Recall the barangay captain story → gift handed over → RA 7160, Local Government Code, 1991.
Recall trigger
Barangay captain receiving a gift box labeled 'health services'
DOH's three major roles: Leadership, Enabler, Administrator
Memory aid
Remember the acronym LEA — think of the DOH as LEA (like 'Lea Salonga' — a great leader, enabler of other artists, and administrator of her own performances). L = Leadership in health policy. E = Enabler and capacity-builder for LGUs. A = Administrator of retained hospitals and national programs. Whenever you think of DOH roles, sing 'LEA!' in your head.
Why it works
Acronyms compress multiple items into one retrievable word. Linking 'LEA' to a famous Filipino artist adds emotional resonance and cultural familiarity, boosting recall.
Example usage
Question: What are the three major roles of the DOH? Think LEA → Leadership, Enabler, Administrator.
Recall trigger
LEA — Lea Salonga singing on stage
Alma-Ata Declaration (1978) — Primary Health Care globally declared; goal: Health for All by Year 2000
Memory aid
Chant this: 'Seventy-eight, Alma-Ata's great — Health for All was the world's debate! USSR was where they met, the goal for 2000 was firmly set!' Every time you see '1978' or 'PHC', hear this chant in your head.
Why it works
Rhyme and rhythm exploit the phonological loop in working memory — repeated rhythm patterns are among the most durable forms of recall. The chant also encodes the year, location (USSR), and the goal simultaneously.
Example usage
Question: Where and when was Primary Health Care globally declared? Chant the rhyme → 1978, Alma-Ata (USSR), Health for All by Year 2000.
Recall trigger
The year 1978 and the phrase 'Health for All'
LOI 949 (1979) — Philippines adopted PHC after Alma-Ata
Memory aid
Picture a Filipino nurse in 1979, just one year after the big Alma-Ata party in the USSR, running back home excitedly waving a paper that says 'LOI 949.' She stamps it with the Philippine seal and shouts 'Sige na! Gagawin na natin ang PHC!' The number 949 — think: '9 barangays, 4 corners, 9 nurses' — or just remember it as '9-4-9 = nine forty-nine pesos, the cheapest health service LOI.' The year 1979 = Alma-Ata 1978 + 1 year delay (Philippines needed time to read the memo).
Why it works
Visual and humor-based anchors fix abstract numbers to concrete scenes. The '1 year delay' joke makes the 1978→1979 transition logical and funny, not arbitrary.
Example usage
Question: Through what instrument did the Philippines officially adopt PHC, and when? Recall the nurse waving the paper → LOI 949, signed 1979.
Recall trigger
Filipino nurse waving LOI 949 paper, one year after Alma-Ata
PHC Essential Elements — mnemonic ELEMENTS
Memory aid
Use the word ELEMENTS itself as the mnemonic! Each letter = one essential element of PHC: E = Education for health | L = Locally endemic disease control | E = Expanded Program on Immunization | M = Maternal and child health including family planning | E = Essential drugs | N = Nutrition | T = Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases | S = Safe water and sanitation. Picture a PHC nurse writing the word ELEMENTS on the chalkboard of a barangay health station — that IS the lesson.
Why it works
The mnemonic word perfectly matches the concept category ('essential elements'), creating a double-encoding effect — the word itself IS the trigger.
Example usage
Question: Enumerate the essential elements of PHC. Spell ELEMENTS — each letter gives you one: Education, Locally endemic, EPI, MCH, Essential drugs, Nutrition, Treatment, Safe water.
Recall trigger
The word ELEMENTS written on a barangay health station chalkboard
Cornerstones/Pillars of PHC: Accessibility, Availability, Affordability, Acceptability (4 As) + Community Participation + Intersectoral Coordination + Appropriate Technology + Support Mechanisms
Memory aid
Chunk them into two groups: THE 4 As (the services must be) + THE 4 Cs (how it's achieved): 4 As = Accessible, Available, Affordable, Acceptable. 4 Cs = Community participation, Coordination intersectoral, Correct/appropriate technology, Care support mechanisms. Visual: Draw a table with 2 columns — '4 As' and '4 Cs' — and imagine the community health nurse checking off each box for every barangay she serves.
Why it works
Chunking reduces cognitive load by organizing 8 items into 2 groups of 4 — the brain handles 4 items far more easily than 8. The parallel 'A' and 'C' structure adds symmetry.
Example usage
Question: What are the pillars of PHC? Recall the 2-column table → 4 As (services) + 4 Cs (mechanisms).
Recall trigger
Two columns: '4 As' and '4 Cs' on a nurse's checklist
RA 11223 — Universal Health Care Act (2019): all Filipinos automatically enrolled in PhilHealth
Memory aid
Think of RA 11223 as the 'Netflix auto-subscribe law' for health insurance. Before the UHC Law, Filipinos had to voluntarily sign up for PhilHealth — like choosing to subscribe. After RA 11223 (2019), EVERY Filipino is automatically subscribed to PhilHealth at birth, like how your phone auto-renews a free trial without you doing anything. You're in whether you signed up or not. No opt-out at birth. The government pays the premium for the poor (indirect contributors) — like a free trial that never expires for those who can't afford it.
Why it works
The Netflix subscription analogy maps perfectly onto a concept Filipino students live daily, making the abstract idea of 'automatic enrollment' immediately intuitive and relatable.
Example usage
Question: What is the significance of RA 11223 regarding PhilHealth membership? Recall Netflix auto-subscribe → automatic enrollment of ALL Filipinos, 2019.
Recall trigger
Auto-renewing Netflix subscription — you're in whether you signed up or not
Direct vs Indirect Contributors under RA 11223
Memory aid
Picture two queues at the PhilHealth window. Queue 1 (DIRECT): People in polo shirts, barongs, OFW uniforms — they DIRECTLY hand their money (premium payments) to the cashier themselves. Queue 2 (INDIRECT): Lolos, lolas, PWDs, indigents with 4Ps cards — the GOVERNMENT stands behind them and hands the cashier the money on their behalf. Direct = they pay directly. Indirect = government pays indirectly for them.
Why it works
The vivid queue scene encodes both the definition and the examples simultaneously. The spatial image (two queues, two payers) creates a durable visual memory.
Example usage
Question: Classify senior citizens under RA 11223 PhilHealth membership. Recall Queue 2 (government pays) → Indirect contributors.
Recall trigger
Two queues at the PhilHealth window — one pays themselves, one has government pay
RA 7875 (1995) — National Health Insurance Act created PhilHealth
Memory aid
Remember: '7875 = Phil's Birth Year (Sort of).' PhilHealth was BORN in 1995 under RA 7875. Think: '78 + 75 = older than PhilHealth' — the two halves of the law number (78 and 75) remind you of years BEFORE 1995, as if PhilHealth has older roots but was officially born that year. Alternatively: 7-8-7-5 → 'Seven-Eight-Seven-Five, PhilHealth came alive (in 1995)!'
Why it works
Number-based rhyme anchors ('came alive in 95') link the law number directly to its year of enactment, creating a two-point chain in one line.
Example usage
Question: What law created PhilHealth? Chant '7875, PhilHealth came alive in 95' → RA 7875, National Health Insurance Act, 1995.
Recall trigger
7875 — PhilHealth came alive in 1995
Sentrong Sigla — DOH quality-assurance and certification program for RHUs/health centers
Memory aid
Sentrong Sigla is the DOH's 'Michelin Star' for barangay health centers. Just as restaurants proudly display Michelin stars to show they met high quality standards, RHUs that earn the Sentrong Sigla (SS) seal display it to show they passed DOH quality standards. 'Sentrong Sigla' literally means 'Center of Vitality' — a health center full of life and quality. The SS seal = the Michelin star of the barangay health world.
Why it works
The Michelin Star analogy creates immediate understanding of a certification system through a well-known international quality benchmark, and the literal translation reinforces the concept.
Example usage
Question: What is Sentrong Sigla? Recall Michelin Star for RHUs → DOH quality-assurance and certification program for local health facilities.
Recall trigger
Michelin Star on a barangay health center door
Two-way Referral System: Upward (BHS→RHU→hospital) and Downward/back-referral (hospital→RHU→BHS)
Memory aid
The referral system is like an elevator in a 3-story hospital. GROUND FLOOR = BHS/RHU (primary care). SECOND FLOOR = District/provincial hospital (secondary). TOP FLOOR = Regional/national hospital (tertiary). When a patient is too sick for the ground floor, the elevator goes UP (upward referral — you prepare the referral slip as the elevator door opens). When the patient is stable and just needs follow-up, the elevator comes DOWN (back-referral — the specialist sends the patient back to the ground floor nurse). The community nurse operates the elevator.
Why it works
The elevator analogy creates a clear spatial metaphor for a bidirectional system. The 3 floors map perfectly to the 3 levels of care, making the abstract system concrete and visual.
Example usage
Question: What is a back-referral? Recall the elevator → patient going DOWN from specialist floor back to ground floor (community nurse) for follow-up care.
Recall trigger
A 3-floor elevator in a hospital — going up and coming back down
FHSIS — Individual Treatment Record (ITR) is the basic building block; Target Client Lists (TCLs) track program clients
Memory aid
Aling Nena is a community health nurse at the RHU of San Isidro. She has a LEGO set on her desk (weird, but stick with it). Every patient who comes in = one LEGO brick (the ITR — the Individual Treatment Record). She snaps each brick one by one. At the end of the month, she looks at her LEGO tower and says 'Ay, kulang yung prenatal bricks!' — and checks her Target Client List (TCL) to find the missing pregnant moms. The LEGO brick = ITR (individual piece). The instruction manual tracking which pieces you need = TCL (Target Client List). The finished LEGO tower = the monthly consolidated report.
Why it works
The LEGO metaphor perfectly represents how individual records (bricks) build into a bigger reporting structure (tower). The story personalizes the abstract recording system and the TCL's tracking function.
Example usage
Question: What is the basic building block of the FHSIS? Recall each LEGO brick = ITR → Individual Treatment Record.
Recall trigger
Aling Nena's LEGO set at the RHU — bricks and instruction manual
Community participation is the underlying theme/cornerstone of PHC
Memory aid
Imagine the Alma-Ata conference in 1978. Health ministers from 134 countries are debating what the MOST IMPORTANT part of PHC is. One delegate from the Philippines raises her hand and says 'But who will actually DO this if the communities don't help?' Dead silence. Then everyone agrees: COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION is the heart. Without it, PHC is just a government monologue. Remember: PHC is a DIALOGUE — not a monologue — between the health system and the community.
Why it works
The debate scene dramatizes why community participation was chosen as the cornerstone, making the conceptual priority emotionally logical rather than an arbitrary fact to memorize.
Example usage
Question: What is the underlying theme of PHC? Recall the debate → COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION.
Recall trigger
Debate at Alma-Ata — the Filipino delegate asking 'but who will DO this?'
Levels of PHC Workers: BHWs (barangay/village level) → midwife/nurse/physician + hilot/herbolario (intermediate level)
Memory aid
Picture a PYRAMID. At the BASE (widest, most numerous) = the BHWs — your barangay volunteers, the Aling Maricel types who knock on doors. In the MIDDLE = the Midwives, Nurses, Physicians at the RHU, PLUS the hilot and herbolario (yes, they are officially recognized!). At the TOP (highest technical level) = specialists/referral. The pyramid's base is widest because BHWs reach the MOST people — they are the true frontline.
Why it works
A pyramid is a universal visual for hierarchy and distribution. Placing BHWs at the base corrects the common misconception that 'lower' means 'less important' — the base IS the foundation.
Example usage
Question: Who are the intermediate-level PHC workers? Recall the pyramid middle level → midwife, nurse, physician, hilot, herbolario.
Recall trigger
PHC pyramid — BHWs at the wide base, nurses and hilot in the middle
DOH organisational structure: Central Office → Centers for Health Development (CHDs) → LGU facilities
Memory aid
The DOH structure is like Jollibee's franchise system. CENTRAL OFFICE = Jollibee headquarters in Pasig (sets the menu, standards, and recipes — i.e., national policies). CHDs (Centers for Health Development) = Regional franchise supervisors (they make sure each branch follows standards in their region). LGU facilities (RHU, BHS) = Individual Jollibee branches (they serve the actual customers/patients). Attached agencies (PhilHealth, FDA) = partner suppliers and quality-control companies.
Why it works
The Jollibee analogy is deeply familiar to Filipino students and maps perfectly to the three-tier organizational structure: HQ → regional → local. It also clarifies the DOH's role as standard-setter, not service-deliverer.
Example usage
Question: What is the role of the Centers for Health Development? Recall Jollibee regional supervisors → CHDs are the DOH's regional offices coordinating with LGUs.
Recall trigger
Jollibee HQ → regional supervisor → local branch
Roles of the Community Health Nurse: Care provider, Health educator, Manager/supervisor, Coordinator, Recorder/reporter, Advocate/community organizer
Memory aid
Remember the acronym CHAMP-RA (because the community nurse is a CHAMP under RA 9173!): C = Care provider, H = Health educator, A = Advocate/community organizer, M = Manager/supervisor, P = (Re)Porter/Recorder, R = (Coo)Rdinator/Collaborator, A = (All roles combined = CHAMP). Or simplify to CHAMPS: C=Care, H=Health educator, A=Advocate, M=Manager, P=rePorter (Recorder), S=Supervisor and collaborator.
Why it works
Acronyms are extremely efficient for list memorization. Linking CHAMPS to RA 9173 (the nursing law) reinforces the legal context of the nurse's roles, adding a second encoding layer.
Example usage
Question: List the roles of the community health nurse. Recall CHAMPS → Care provider, Health educator, Advocate, Manager, (re)Porter, Supervisor/coordinator.
Recall trigger
CHAMPS under RA 9173 — the community nurse is a CHAMP
Population-based vs Individual-based services under RA 11223
Memory aid
Think of it like a barangay fiesta. POPULATION-BASED services = the FREE PARADE for everyone in the barangay (health promotion, surveillance, vector control) — no one pays a ticket, the barangay (government) funds it for the whole crowd. INDIVIDUAL-BASED services = the paid RAFFLE (consultations, lab tests, treatment) — you need your PhilHealth card/ticket to claim your specific prize. Government buys the parade; PhilHealth buys your raffle ticket.
Why it works
The fiesta analogy (parade vs. raffle) maps the funding mechanism difference onto a culturally vivid Filipino celebration, making the abstract financing distinction immediately intuitive.
Example usage
Question: How is disease surveillance financed under RA 11223? Recall free parade = government-funded population-based service.
Recall trigger
Barangay fiesta — free parade (population) vs. paid raffle (individual)
Philippine health system: Public vs Private sector; DOH is now policy-maker, not service deliverer (except retained hospitals)
Memory aid
Visualize a basketball court. The DOH is the HEAD COACH — calling plays (policy), setting rules (standards), training the team (capacity-building). The LGUs are the PLAYERS on the court — they actually run and shoot (deliver services). The Private sector is the OTHER TEAM on the same court, playing alongside (service delivery). The referees (FDA, PRC) ensure everyone plays fair. The DOH coach can step onto the court ONLY for national emergencies or in DOH-retained hospitals (like PGH) — otherwise, they stay on the sideline.
Why it works
Basketball is a beloved Filipino sport. The coach-vs-player distinction perfectly captures the DOH's shift from service provider to policy-maker — a conceptually difficult shift that students often confuse.
Example usage
Question: After devolution, what is the primary role of the DOH? Recall the coach on the sideline → DOH = policy-maker, standard-setter, regulator; LGUs deliver services.
Recall trigger
DOH as basketball head coach, LGUs as players on the court
Revision game
I am the law that gave barangay captains a giant gift box labeled 'health services' in 1991. Who am I?
Answer
RA 7160 — Local Government Code of 1991 (Devolution)
Memory link
A1 — micro-story of barangay captain receiving the gift box
I am a 3-letter word that sounds like a famous Filipina singer, and I represent the three major roles of the DOH. What am I?
Answer
LEA — Leadership, Enabler, Administrator
Memory link
A2 — LEA acronym (Lea Salonga analogy)
I am the 8-letter word that IS the list of PHC essential elements. Spell me and you have the answer.
Answer
ELEMENTS — Education, Locally endemic, EPI, MCH, Essential drugs, Nutrition, Treatment, Safe water
Memory link
A5 — ELEMENTS mnemonic written on the barangay health station chalkboard
I am the 2019 law that auto-subscribes ALL Filipinos to PhilHealth — like a Netflix subscription you never opted into. Name me.
Answer
RA 11223 — Universal Health Care Act of 2019
Memory link
A7 — Netflix auto-subscribe analogy
In the barangay fiesta analogy, the FREE PARADE for everyone represents what type of health service under RA 11223?
Answer
Population-based health services (e.g., health promotion, disease surveillance, vector control) — funded by government
Memory link
A17 — barangay fiesta parade vs. raffle analogy
I am the DOH's 'Michelin Star' certification program for Rural Health Units. What is my name?
Answer
Sentrong Sigla — DOH quality-assurance and certification program
Memory link
A10 — Michelin Star analogy for barangay health centers
I am the basic LEGO brick of the FHSIS recording system — one per patient visit. What am I called?
Answer
Individual Treatment Record (ITR)
Memory link
A12 — Aling Nena's LEGO set micro-story
In the basketball analogy, the DOH is the head coach who stays on the sideline after RA 7160. What are the PLAYERS called — those who actually run and shoot (deliver services)?
Answer
Local Government Units (LGUs) — they deliver basic health services through RHUs and BHS after devolution
Memory link
A18 — basketball court analogy (DOH as coach, LGUs as players)
Formula mnemonics
ELEMENTS = 8 Essential Elements of PHC
Mnemonic
The word ELEMENTS IS the formula — each letter is one element: E-L-E-M-E-N-T-S
When to use
Any NLE question asking you to enumerate or identify the essential elements of Primary Health Care
What each part means
E=Education for health | L=Locally endemic disease control | E=Expanded Program on Immunization | M=Maternal and child health + family planning | E=Essential drugs | N=Nutrition | T=Treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases | S=Safe water and sanitation
4 As of PHC = Accessible + Available + Affordable + Acceptable
Mnemonic
AAAA = 'Apat na A' (Four A's in Filipino) — services must pass all 4 A-tests before they qualify as PHC
When to use
When asked about the principles or characteristics of PHC services that must be present for the system to work
What each part means
Accessible = can be reached physically | Available = services exist when needed | Affordable = within financial means of the community | Acceptable = culturally and socially appropriate
LEA = Three DOH Major Roles
Mnemonic
LEA (Lea Salonga) = L for Leadership, E for Enabler, A for Administrator
When to use
Any question asking for the major roles or functions of the Department of Health
What each part means
Leadership = national health policy-making and standard-setting | Enabler = technical and financial support to LGUs | Administrator = running retained hospitals, emergency management, national programs
FHSIS Tools: ITR → TCL → Monthly Consolidation → Quarterly/Annual Report
Mnemonic
I Think My Quarter Arrives (ITR, TCL, Monthly, Quarterly, Annual) — the data flow from individual to national
When to use
Questions about the FHSIS recording and reporting hierarchy and what the basic building block is
What each part means
ITR = Individual Treatment Record (basic unit) | TCL = Target Client List (program tracking) | Monthly = RHU consolidation | Quarterly/Annual = municipality to DOH reporting
Quick recall chains
Key Laws and Their Years — Philippine Health System
Recall test
Without looking: What law was passed in 1995? What did RA 11223 do? What year did devolution happen?
Memory chain
Story: In '91, the LGU got the GIFT (RA 7160 devolved health). By '95, PhilHealth CAME ALIVE (RA 7875 born). In 2002, nurses got their LAW (RA 9173). In 2019, everyone AUTO-ENROLLED (RA 11223). Think: GIFT → ALIVE → LAW → AUTO. The years go 91, 95, 02, 19 — like climbing stairs: 91 → 95 (jump 4) → 02 (jump 7) → 19 (jump 17, the biggest reform!).
Items to remember
- RA 7160 — Local Government Code — 1991 (devolution)
- RA 7875 — National Health Insurance Act — 1995 (created PhilHealth)
- RA 9173 — Philippine Nursing Act — 2002 (nursing practice)
- RA 11223 — Universal Health Care Act — 2019 (auto-PhilHealth enrollment)
Three Levels of Health Care and Their Facilities
Recall test
What level does PGH represent? Where does a patient with a common cold first go? What is the first referral level called?
Memory chain
Use the ELEVATOR image: Ground Floor = PRIMARY (you enter here first — BHS and RHU, the barangay nurse's domain). Second Floor = SECONDARY (district/provincial hospitals — general specialists). Penthouse = TERTIARY (PGH, specialty centers — the 'VIP floor'). The elevator goes UP (referral) and DOWN (back-referral). You always START on the ground floor.
Items to remember
- Primary: BHS (Barangay Health Station) and RHU/health center — first contact, preventive/promotive
- Secondary: District and provincial hospitals — general medicine, surgery, OB, pedia
- Tertiary: Regional and national hospitals (e.g., PGH, specialty centers) — highly specialized
PHC Global and Philippine Milestones — Chronological Chain
Recall test
What happened in 1979? What milestone occurred exactly one year after Alma-Ata? What is the most recent health system law and its year?
Memory chain
The TIMELINE SONG: '78 Alma-Ata (clap), 79 Philippines (clap), 91 LGUs got it (clap), 95 PhilHealth starts (clap), 2019 everyone's in (clap clap)!' Repeat with the clapping rhythm until automatic. Each event is 1, 12, 4, and 24 years apart — the gaps get BIGGER as the reforms get more COMPREHENSIVE.
Items to remember
- 1978 — Alma-Ata Declaration, USSR — PHC declared globally
- 1979 — LOI 949 — Philippines adopts PHC
- 1991 — RA 7160 — Devolution to LGUs
- 1995 — RA 7875 — PhilHealth created
- 2019 — RA 11223 — Universal Health Care Act
FHSIS Records — From Individual to National
Recall test
What is the basic building block of FHSIS? What tracks all prenatal clients at the RHU? What report goes directly to the DOH?
Memory chain
LEGO TOWER: Each LEGO brick = 1 ITR. Stack bricks by color (TCL by program group). Count your tower monthly (Monthly Consolidation). Submit brick count every 3 months (Quarterly). At year-end, show the WHOLE TOWER to the DOH (Annual Report). The tower grows from ONE BRICK to a NATIONAL STRUCTURE.
Items to remember
- Individual Treatment Record (ITR) — per patient visit
- Target Client Lists (TCLs) — per program group
- Monthly Consolidation Table — per RHU
- Quarterly Report — per municipality/city
- Annual Report — to DOH
Community Health Nurse Roles — CHAMPS Chain
Recall test
Name all 6 roles of the community health nurse using CHAMPS. Which role involves FHSIS? Which role involves BHW supervision?
Memory chain
CHAMPS: The CHN is a CHAMP! C=Care, H=Health educator, A=Advocate, M=Manager, P=(re)Porter (recorder), S=Supervisor/coordinator. Imagine a superhero nurse with a CHAMPS cape — each letter on the cape is one power. Under RA 9173, the nurse practices ALL these roles simultaneously.
Items to remember
- Care provider
- Health educator
- Advocate and community organizer
- Manager and supervisor (of BHWs, midwives)
- Recorder and reporter (FHSIS)
- Coordinator and collaborator (referral, intersectoral)
Diagrams
Philippine Health Care Delivery System — Master Mind Map
A comprehensive mind map showing all major topics in the Philippine Health Care Delivery System chapter: system structure, DOH roles (LEA), key laws with years, PHC principles, levels of care, and FHSIS recording system. Use this as your master review map before the NLE.
Two-Way Referral System and Levels of Care
A flowchart showing the elevator-like movement of patients UP through primary, secondary, and tertiary levels (upward referral) and back DOWN for continuing care (back-referral/downward referral). The community health nurse's role in preparing referral slips and ensuring follow-up is highlighted. This maps directly to the elevator analogy in A11.
Key Milestones — Philippine Health Care History
A chronological timeline of the six most critical milestones in Philippine health care history: Alma-Ata (1978), LOI 949 (1979), RA 7160 (1991), RA 7875 (1995), RA 9173 (2002), and RA 11223 (2019). This visual reinforces the timeline song memory chain and is essential for NLE law-identification questions.
DOH Organisational Structure — Jollibee Franchise Model
A flowchart of the DOH organisational structure using the Jollibee franchise analogy: Central Office (HQ) → CHDs (regional supervisors) → LGU facilities (local branches). Shows the relationship between the DOH, its regional arms (CHDs), attached agencies (PhilHealth, FDA), retained hospitals, and LGU-managed facilities.