Remote Sensing and GIS - Concept Map
Remote Sensing and GIS: Acquiring, Processing, and Analyzing Spatial Data for Geodetic Engineering
Related concepts
Remote Sensing Fundamentals
Sub concepts
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Sensor Types (Passive vs Active)
- Resolution Types (Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal)
- Spectral Signatures and Land-Cover Classification
- Image Processing and Rectification
Relationship to central
Core acquisition methodology for collecting Earth surface data via sensors
GIS Data Models and Structures
Sub concepts
- Vector Data Model (Points, Lines, Polygons)
- Raster Data Model (Grid Cells, Continuous Surfaces)
- Attribute Data and Spatial Relationships
- Coordinate Systems and Projections (WGS84, PRS92, PPCS, UTM)
Relationship to central
Framework for organizing and managing spatial data in geodetic applications
GIS Analysis and Operations
Sub concepts
- Overlay and Buffer Operations
- Network Analysis
- Spatial Interpolation
- Spatial Statistics and Modeling
- Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
Relationship to central
Techniques for deriving spatial information and making geodetic decisions
Image Processing Workflow
Sub concepts
- Radiometric Correction
- Geometric Rectification and Georeferencing
- Enhancement Techniques
- Pixel Classification and Supervised/Unsupervised Methods
- Accuracy Assessment and Validation
Relationship to central
Procedural steps converting raw sensor data into usable geodetic information
Philippine Legal and Standards Framework
Sub concepts
- RA 4374 (Cadastral Survey Law)
- RA 8560 (Geothermal Energy Service Contracts)
- PD 1529 (Architect and Geodetic Engineer Laws)
- CA 141 (Public Land Act)
- PRS92 Datum and PPCS Projection Standards
Relationship to central
Regulatory context governing geodetic data collection, analysis, and reporting
Concept connections
- Electromagnetic SpectrumSpectral SignaturesSpectral signatures are unique reflectance/emittance patterns across spectrum bands; used to classify land cover
- Passive SensorsActive SensorsComplementary sensor types; passive uses reflected sunlight/thermal radiation; active supplies own energy (radar/LiDAR) for all-weather capability
- Spatial ResolutionVector Data ModelHigh spatial resolution imagery enables precise extraction of vector features (parcels, roads, building boundaries)
- Raster Data ModelDigital Elevation ModelsDEMs are continuous surface representations stored as raster grids; used for terrain analysis and slope calculations
- Image ProcessingOverlay OperationsProcessed, georeferenced layers are combined in GIS using overlay to generate spatial analysis results
- Coordinate SystemsGIS IntegrationAll vector and raster layers must be converted to common coordinate system (WGS84/PRS92/PPCS/UTM) for correct overlay and analysis
- Land-Cover ClassificationCadastral MappingClassified imagery provides land-use context for cadastral boundary identification and land-value assessment under RA 4374
- LiDARDEM AnalysisLiDAR active sensor directly generates high-accuracy DEMs, enabling detailed terrain modeling and landslide-hazard mapping
- Temporal ResolutionChange DetectionHigh temporal resolution (frequent revisit) enables monitoring urban sprawl, deforestation, and coastal erosion over time
- Radiometric CorrectionSpectral SignaturesRadiometric correction removes atmospheric effects; accurate spectral signatures depend on proper radiometric calibration
- Geometric RectificationGeoreferencingRectification removes sensor distortion; georeferencing ties pixels to real-world coordinates (WGS84/PRS92)
- Supervised ClassificationGround Truth DataSupervised methods require training samples collected from field surveys to validate and train the classifier
- Network AnalysisVector Data ModelRoad and utility networks are modeled as vector lines; GIS network analysis computes shortest paths, connectivity
- Spatial InterpolationRaster Data ModelInterpolation (kriging, IDW) converts point survey data to raster surfaces for continuous field representation
- PRS92 DatumPhilippine Cadastral StandardsPRS92 is the official Philippine geodetic reference datum; required for all cadastral surveys under RA 4374 and PD 1529
- PPCS ProjectionUTM ProjectionPhilippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS) is based on UTM; used for large-scale mapping and parcel surveys
- RA 4374Cadastral MappingRA 4374 mandates standards for cadastral surveys; GIS and remote sensing are modern tools for implementing these requirements
- PD 1529Geodetic Engineer ResponsibilitiesPD 1529 defines professional responsibilities of geodetic engineers in survey, mapping, and data management
- Accuracy AssessmentValidation Against Ground TruthClassification accuracy is tested by comparing results to ground-surveyed reference data; minimum thresholds set by PRC standards
- Coastal Zone MonitoringSAR and Optical SensorsSAR penetrates clouds for all-weather coastal flood/erosion monitoring; optical sensors provide land-use context for coastal planning
Diagrams
Remote Sensing and GIS — Complete Concept Hierarchy
Comprehensive hierarchical mind map showing all major topics and subtopics in Remote Sensing and GIS. The central concept branches into five main areas: Remote Sensing Fundamentals, GIS Data Models, GIS Analysis, Philippine Legal Framework, and practical applications. Each branch further subdivides into specific concepts essential for PRC Geodetic Engineer examination preparation.
Image Processing and Classification Workflow
Step-by-step workflow demonstrating how raw remote-sensing data is converted into classified, georeferenced products. Shows decision points for different sensor types and classification methodologies (supervised vs unsupervised), with feedback loop for accuracy validation — critical for geodetic engineering practice.
Vector vs Raster Data Model Selection for Geodetic Applications
Decision tree for selecting appropriate data model in GIS based on the nature of geodetic features. Shows how cadastral data, survey points, and networks use vector representation, while terrain, elevation, and continuous phenomena use raster representation. Emphasizes that modern GIS integrates both models in a common coordinate system (WGS84/PRS92).
Sensor Type Selection Based on Application Constraints
Decision matrix for selecting appropriate remote-sensing sensor based on application requirements and environmental conditions. Critical for geodetic engineers choosing between passive (optical/thermal) and active (radar/LiDAR) sensors for specific Philippine mapping projects, especially in tropical and cloudy regions.
GIS Data Processing and Integration States
State diagram illustrating the progression of GIS data from raw input through validation, coordinate system conversion (to WGS84/PRS92), integration into a unified spatial database, analysis, and final map production. Shows the critical step of ensuring all layers share a common coordinate system before overlay operations.
Remote Sensing Application Distribution in Philippine Geodetic Projects
Distribution of common remote-sensing applications in Philippine geodetic engineering practice. Reflects the emphasis on cadastral surveys (RA 4374), land assessment, coastal management, and disaster risk reduction — all key areas tested in PRC Geodetic Engineer Licensure Examinations.