GELE Photogrammetry & Cartography — Remote Sensing and GISConcept Map

Concept

Remote Sensing Fundamentals

Sub Concepts

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Sensor Types (Passive vs Active)
• Resolution Types (Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal)
• Spectral Signatures and Land-Cover Classification
• Image Processing and Rectification

Relationship To Central

Core acquisition methodology for collecting Earth surface data via sensors

Concept

GIS Data Models and Structures

Sub Concepts

• Vector Data Model (Points, Lines, Polygons)
• Raster Data Model (Grid Cells, Continuous Surfaces)
• Attribute Data and Spatial Relationships
• Coordinate Systems and Projections (WGS84, PRS92, PPCS, UTM)

Relationship To Central

Framework for organizing and managing spatial data in geodetic applications

Concept

GIS Analysis and Operations

Sub Concepts

• Overlay and Buffer Operations
• Network Analysis
• Spatial Interpolation
• Spatial Statistics and Modeling
• Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

Relationship To Central

Techniques for deriving spatial information and making geodetic decisions

Concept

Image Processing Workflow

Sub Concepts

• Radiometric Correction
• Geometric Rectification and Georeferencing
• Enhancement Techniques
• Pixel Classification and Supervised/Unsupervised Methods
• Accuracy Assessment and Validation

Relationship To Central

Procedural steps converting raw sensor data into usable geodetic information

Concept

Philippine Legal and Standards Framework

Sub Concepts

• RA 4374 (Cadastral Survey Law)
• RA 8560 (Geothermal Energy Service Contracts)
• PD 1529 (Architect and Geodetic Engineer Laws)
• CA 141 (Public Land Act)
• PRS92 Datum and PPCS Projection Standards

Relationship To Central

Regulatory context governing geodetic data collection, analysis, and reporting

To

Spectral Signatures

From

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Strength

strong

Relationship

Spectral signatures are unique reflectance/emittance patterns across spectrum bands; used to classify land cover

To

Active Sensors

From

Passive Sensors

Strength

strong

Relationship

Complementary sensor types; passive uses reflected sunlight/thermal radiation; active supplies own energy (radar/LiDAR) for all-weather capability

To

Vector Data Model

From

Spatial Resolution

Strength

moderate

Relationship

High spatial resolution imagery enables precise extraction of vector features (parcels, roads, building boundaries)

To

Digital Elevation Models

From

Raster Data Model

Strength

strong

Relationship

DEMs are continuous surface representations stored as raster grids; used for terrain analysis and slope calculations

To

Overlay Operations

From

Image Processing

Strength

strong

Relationship

Processed, georeferenced layers are combined in GIS using overlay to generate spatial analysis results

To

GIS Integration

From

Coordinate Systems

Strength

strong

Relationship

All vector and raster layers must be converted to common coordinate system (WGS84/PRS92/PPCS/UTM) for correct overlay and analysis

To

Cadastral Mapping

From

Land-Cover Classification

Strength

moderate

Relationship

Classified imagery provides land-use context for cadastral boundary identification and land-value assessment under RA 4374

To

DEM Analysis

From

LiDAR

Strength

strong

Relationship

LiDAR active sensor directly generates high-accuracy DEMs, enabling detailed terrain modeling and landslide-hazard mapping

To

Change Detection

From

Temporal Resolution

Strength

moderate

Relationship

High temporal resolution (frequent revisit) enables monitoring urban sprawl, deforestation, and coastal erosion over time

To

Spectral Signatures

From

Radiometric Correction

Strength

strong

Relationship

Radiometric correction removes atmospheric effects; accurate spectral signatures depend on proper radiometric calibration

To

Georeferencing

From

Geometric Rectification

Strength

strong

Relationship

Rectification removes sensor distortion; georeferencing ties pixels to real-world coordinates (WGS84/PRS92)

To

Ground Truth Data

From

Supervised Classification

Strength

strong

Relationship

Supervised methods require training samples collected from field surveys to validate and train the classifier

To

Vector Data Model

From

Network Analysis

Strength

strong

Relationship

Road and utility networks are modeled as vector lines; GIS network analysis computes shortest paths, connectivity

To

Raster Data Model

From

Spatial Interpolation

Strength

strong

Relationship

Interpolation (kriging, IDW) converts point survey data to raster surfaces for continuous field representation

To

Philippine Cadastral Standards

From

PRS92 Datum

Strength

strong

Relationship

PRS92 is the official Philippine geodetic reference datum; required for all cadastral surveys under RA 4374 and PD 1529

To

UTM Projection

From

PPCS Projection

Strength

strong

Relationship

Philippine Plane Coordinate System (PPCS) is based on UTM; used for large-scale mapping and parcel surveys

To

Cadastral Mapping

From

RA 4374

Strength

strong

Relationship

RA 4374 mandates standards for cadastral surveys; GIS and remote sensing are modern tools for implementing these requirements

To

Geodetic Engineer Responsibilities

From

PD 1529

Strength

strong

Relationship

PD 1529 defines professional responsibilities of geodetic engineers in survey, mapping, and data management

To

Validation Against Ground Truth

From

Accuracy Assessment

Strength

strong

Relationship

Classification accuracy is tested by comparing results to ground-surveyed reference data; minimum thresholds set by PRC standards

To

SAR and Optical Sensors

From

Coastal Zone Monitoring

Strength

moderate

Relationship

SAR penetrates clouds for all-weather coastal flood/erosion monitoring; optical sensors provide land-use context for coastal planning