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GELE Adjustment Computations (Least Squares)Theory of Errors, Weights and Most Probable ValueSlides

Slide deck for GELE Adjustment Computations (Least Squares) — Theory of Errors, Weights and Most Probable Value. These slides are built for quick visual review, highlighting the key concepts, formulas, and question patterns from this chapter of the GELE 2026 syllabus.

Exam context

Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) — Board of Geodetic Engineering runs the Geodetic Engineer Licensure Examination on September 2026. Its Adjustment Computations (Least Squares) section sits under a "Core" weighting, and Theory of Errors, Weights and Most Probable Value is the 1st chapter in the 5-chapter GELE Adjustment Computations (Least Squares) rotation. The GELE passing mark is 70% weighted average, no sub-test below 50%, and the most recent 2026 paper drew about a meaningful share of questions from Adjustment Computations (Least Squares).

Theory of Errors, Weights and Most Probable Value - Slides

Slides

Introduction to Error Theory and Adjustment Computations

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S1

Classification of Errors in Geodetic Measurements

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S2

Random Errors and the Normal Distribution

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S3

Measures of Error: Standard Deviation, Variance, and Probable Error

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S4

The Most Probable Value (MPV) for Equal Observations

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S5

Standard Deviation of a Single Observation and the Mean

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S6

The Concept of Weight in Adjustment

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S7

Other Weight Assignment Rules in Geodetic Practice

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S8

Weighted Mean: Formula and Application

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S9

Worked Example 1: Weighted Mean for Distance Measurements

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S10

Worked Example 2: Standard Deviation of the Mean from Repeated Measurements

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S11

Worked Example 3: Weight Assignment for Level Networks

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S12

Residuals, Sum of Squared Residuals, and Least Squares Criterion

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S13

Common Pitfalls and Exam Mistakes

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S14

Application to Philippine Cadastral and Engineering Surveys

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S15

Summary of Key Formulas and Concepts

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S16

Chapter Review Questions

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S17

Chapter Conclusion: Mastery Checklist

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S18

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